Nel complesso, il raccolto 2024 è stato il più piccolo di Bordeaux dal 1991 – con la regione che ha prodotto 332 milioni di litri di vino. Ciò è in parte dovuto al calo della superficie vitata, con una resa media di 35 hl/ha – leggermente superiore a quella delle annate 2021, 2017 o 2013. Approfondendo, tuttavia, emerge una differenza significativa tra la Riva Sinistra e la Riva Destra – con 34,4 hl/ha a Saint-Emilion, Pomerol e Fronsac, contro una media di 30,8 hl/ha nel Médoc e nelle Graves. 
 È un anno in cui è difficile generalizzare, anche all’interno di ciascun comune, poiché tenute confinanti hanno prodotto risultati drasticamente diversi nell’annata. Come ha spiegato David Suire di Ch. Laroque, ci sono stati approcci molto vari alle sfide dell’anno, qualcosa che si riflette nei vini prodotti. 
 RIVE DESTRA 
 Quest’anno, ancora una volta, la Riva Destra ha offerto maggiore coerenza rispetto alla Sinistra. Sebbene sia stata comunque eterogenea, la dimensione più piccola delle tenute ha favorito il successo – rendendo più facile trattare e vendemmiare nelle strette finestre di tempo asciutto. Ovunque ci si trovasse, tuttavia, è stato un anno impegnativo: come ha detto Christian Moueix, “Il sole non si può sostituire.” Oltre al meteo più coperto, la grandine ha colpito Fronsac, Canon-Fronsac e Lalande-de-Pomerol a giugno, con alcune tenute che hanno perso l’intero raccolto, sebbene Pomerol e Saint-Emilion siano in gran parte scampate. 
 Pomerol 
 Per Noëmie Durantou (Ch. l’Eglise-Clinet), il 2024 è stato un avversario duro – ma uno contro cui sapeva di poter vincere, e ripensandoci, che partita è stata: come certamente indicano i suoi vini. Per lei, ci sono stati diversi elementi chiave nella stagione di crescita: la copertura nuvolosa che ha ridotto l’escursione termica (ricorda notti calde, insonni), l’invaiatura tardiva, le mattine nebbiose che hanno aumentato la pressione della botrite in prossimità della vendemmia e il livello di umidità dell’anno – 80% a Pomerol, contro un più normale 50-60%. 
 La grandine che ha colpito Lalande-de-Pomerol a giugno è sconfinata un po’ a Pomerol, ma la maggior parte delle tenute è sfuggita a impatti seri – con solo un leggero tocco avvertito a Lafleur a Feytit-Clinet, per esempio. Il trattamento delle vigne ha posto una sfida aggiuntiva per il team di Clinet, che deve tenere conto dell’orario della scuola adiacente, lavorando attorno alla presenza di bambini e/o genitori, oltre alle condizioni inclementi. 
 La vendemmia è iniziata a Pomerol leggermente prima che nella vicina Saint-Emilion, prendendo il via già dal 16 settembre, ma la maggior parte ha iniziato a portare in cantina il Merlot dal 20 del mese, e il Cabernet è stato completato entro il 4 ottobre (sebbene alcuni produttori avessero tutto in cantina entro la fine di settembre). Le rese sono variate in modo significativo – dal secondo raccolto più piccolo dal 1991 a Belle-Brise al secondo più grande degli ultimi 25 anni a Lafleur. 
 Jeremy Chasseuil (Feytit-Clinet) ha sottolineato come, per lui, lasciare il vino sulle fecce per due mesi sia stato fondamentale – aiutando a costruire la texture, rilasciando polisaccaridi che conferiscono peso al centro bocca del vino. Sebbene il 2024 non abbia prodotto gli stili più opulenti di Pomerol, i migliori conservano una trama soffice e un’esoticità negli aromi che completa l’acidità naturalmente elevata dell’anno. Sebbene la qualità non sia del tutto coerente qui, ci sono molti punti di forza. 
 I nostri preferiti a Pomerol: Belle-Brise, Eglise-Clinet, Guillot Clauzel, La Conseillante, Lafleur, Le Pin, Vieux Château Certan Saint-Emilion 
 C’è stata una differenza notevole tra Pomerol e Saint-Emilion – con Saint-Emilion che ha visto significativamente più pioggia tra aprile e giugno, con 278 mm contro 199 mm a Pomerol. Nonostante ciò, l’altopiano calcareo della regione ha dato il meglio – permettendo all’acqua di drenare lontano dalle vigne, nonostante abbia raggiunto livelli record (ad Ausone, il livello nel loro pozzo è stato il più alto di sempre). Agosto, tuttavia, è stato significativamente più secco sulla Riva Destra – con circa la metà delle precipitazioni normali. 
 Qui la vendemmia è iniziata un po’ più tardi. Sebbene alcuni abbiano iniziato già il 17 settembre (Cheval Blanc, Canon, per esempio), la maggior parte ha aspettato fino al 27, e diverse tenute hanno rimandato fino ai primi di ottobre. Nonostante le sfide dell’anno (“È stata una guerra,” ha detto Pierre-Olivier Clouet di Cheval Blanc), la resa complessiva dell’appellazione è risultata abbastanza nella media – sebbene variata tra le tenute. 
 Ad Angélus, è stata la 40ª vendemmia di Hubert de Boüard de Laforest, e la bottiglia reca una sezione di tronco d’albero con 40 anelli in tributo. A Ch. Beauséjour, è stata la prima annata prodotta nella nuova cantina di Joséphine Duffau-Lagarrosse, qualcosa di cui è stata particolarmente grata, poiché le ha permesso di suddividere il vigneto in parcelle più piccole e lavorare con maggiore precisione. 
 Saint-Emilion è così grande che inevitabilmente quest’anno c’è un’ampia gamma di vini. Sebbene alcuni possano risultare eccessivamente taglienti, austeri o astringenti, ci sono vini molto impressionanti, testurizzati, stratificati che mantengono tensione e offrono al contempo abbondanza di frutto e peso. Cheval Blanc, per esempio, è un vino molto serio che avrà bisogno di tempo – un vero contrasto con molti dei 2024 destinati a essere approcciabili presto. Vale la pena evidenziare Ch. Laroque, una tenuta che osserviamo da un po’, dove David Suire continua a produrre vini dal valore straordinario. 
 I nostri preferiti a Saint-Emilion: Ausone, Cheval Blanc, Clos de Sarpe, Figeac, L’If, Laroque, Tertre Roteboeuf RIVA SINISTRA 
 Le rese sulla Riva Sinistra – a parte i bianchi – sono state in genere inferiori rispetto alla Destra. Variano significativamente tra le tenute, tuttavia, con rese che vanno dal minimo storico alla normalità. Sebbene ci siano annate in cui siti minori nel Médoc e nell’Haut-Médoc eccellono, il 2024 in gran parte non lo è stato – questa è stata un’annata in cui la qualità del terroir, così come i mezzi per effettuare una selezione rigorosa, sono stati fondamentali. Abbiamo riscontrato che la qualità qui era ancora più eterogenea che nel resto della Gironda, tuttavia ci sono ancora vini brillanti da trovare. 
 Saint-Estèphe 
 La qualità a Saint-Estèphe è mista nel 2024. La posizione più fresca e settentrionale del comune non è stata necessariamente un vantaggio quest’anno, né lo sono stati i suoli più ricchi di argilla – che sono stati un tale vantaggio nelle recenti annate calde e secche. Le tenute con vigne su ghiaie ben drenanti se la sono cavata meglio, tuttavia ci sono molte variabili nell’equazione della qualità quest’anno. 
 Sebbene non tutte le tenute abbiano prosperato, ci sono qui picchi seri, con Montrose in lizza per il vino dell’annata – offrendo un livello di densità e complessità che si è davvero distinto nelle nostre degustazioni. È la seconda versione del loro Grand Vin a provenire esclusivamente dalla Terrazza Quattro (T4), una decisione che sta chiaramente dando frutti, e abbiamo anche avuto il primo assaggio del vino non ancora rilasciato prodotto da T3, chiamato “Terrasse 3” – un vino che varrà la pena cercare. Il team di Montrose ha sottolineato come l’appellazione abbia visto meno pioggia tra il 1° agosto e l’8 settembre rispetto a quelle più a sud, ricevendo solo 50 mm in questo periodo critico (contro 80 mm per Margaux e 120 mm per Pessac-Léognan), qualcosa che hanno ritenuto fondamentale per il loro successo. 
 Calon-Ségur è stata una delle diverse tenute che hanno scelto di abbandonare l’organico quest’anno, usando trattamenti convenzionali tra il germogliamento e la fioritura, prima di tornare al loro regime normale, consentendo loro di ottenere la stessa resa del 2023 a 45 hl/ha (contro 29 hl/ha a Cos d’Estournel, che ha proseguito il percorso verso la certificazione biologica). Il Direttore Tecnico Vincent Millet – alla guida dell’intero portafoglio di tenute di Calon, incluso Ch. le Prieuré a Saint-Emilion e Vray Croix de Gay a Pomerol – ha osservato come il Cabernet Sauvignon a maturazione più tardiva sia stato particolarmente delicato quest’anno, rendendo la Riva Sinistra più impegnativa della Destra nell’annata. 
 I nostri preferiti a Saint-Estèphe: Montrose Pauillac 
 Pauillac ha avuto la resa più bassa di qualsiasi comune della Riva Sinistra quest’anno, con una media nell’appellazione di 29,5 hl/ha (contro una media ventennale di 45,7 hl/ha). Tra le tenute, le cifre sono variate enormemente – dal minuscolo 11 hl/ha prodotto a Ch. Latour (un livello più tipico di Sauternes) ai 33 hl/ha di Ch. Lafite Rothschild, per esempio, guardando a due tenute che lavorano in biologico. Giugno è stato più secco qui che altrove, il che significa che le vigne hanno iniziato a soffrire di stress idrico prima – con alcune proprietà che hanno persino affermato di aver visto lo sviluppo delle viti fermarsi in agosto, con le prime piogge a fine mese come gradita tregua. 
 La vendemmia qui si è protratta per i primi 10 giorni di ottobre, con la botrite che ha influito in modo significativo sulle rese. Pichon Baron ha stimato di aver perso circa 10 hl/ha per marciume – solo uno dei sacrifici che hanno reso il 2024 un’annata così costosa da produrre. I vini risultanti tendono ad avere quote più alte di Cabernet Sauvignon, e variano sia nello stile che nella qualità. In generale, si tratta di Pauillac di stile più leggero, senza la fermezza o la potenza che questa appellazione può spesso offrire. Sebbene alcuni non abbiano sufficiente concentrazione o struttura, i migliori hanno la tipica grafite di Pauillac, completata da floreali più delicati, frutto croccante, una qualità salina e tannini fini. 
 L’annata segna anche i 100 anni di Batailley sotto la famiglia Borie-Castéja, meritando un’etichetta commemorativa per questo Claret di riferimento, oltre a un formato speciale Marie-Jeanne. 
 I nostri preferiti a Pauillac: Batailley, Lafite Rothschild, Pichon Comtesse, Pontet-Canet Saint-Julien 
 Ai Chx Léoville e Langoa Barton, Damien Barton Sartorius ha paragonato il 2024 alla corsa di una maratona – faticosa, ma soddisfacente, e che ti lascia pronto a iscriverti alla prossima. La resa media per l’appellazione è stata leggermente superiore a quella di Pauillac, con 32,5 hl/ha – comunque quasi il 25% in meno rispetto alla media trentennale. Come più a nord, tuttavia, la media è solo una media: Beychevelle ha raccolto a 43 hl/ha, mentre la selezione ha portato la resa a 23,6 hl/ha a Ducru-Beaucaillou (con il team che ha scartato quasi 10 hl/ha), e le cifre sono variate in modo significativo tra le tenute. 
 A Beychevelle, Philippe Blanc ha spiegato come, dopo appena 4 mm di pioggia tra il 1° e il 28 agosto, la pioggia sia ricominciata e non si sia più fermata. Il loro Merlot è stato maggiormente colpito dalla peronospora e quindi l’assemblaggio è più alto in Cabernet Sauvignon (55%) – qualcosa riscontrato anche altrove. La cattiva fioritura e la conseguente colatura hanno comportato grappoli più spargoli, ha spiegato Barton Sartorius, qualcosa che ritiene li abbia davvero aiutati a evitare una significativa pressione di botrite a fine stagione. 
 La dimensione più piccola di Saint-Julien fa sì che sia un po’ più coerente di Pauillac, tuttavia non è del tutto uniforme. Il frutto tende a essere un po’ più dolce, pur restando sullo spettro del rosso piuttosto che del nero, i vini offrono un’acidità brillante e i migliori tannini fini e buon equilibrio, con il rovere perfettamente integrato. 
 I nostri preferiti a Saint-Julien: Ducru-Beaucaillou, Léoville Barton Margaux 
 Sebbene nessuna appellazione sia coerente nel 2024, Margaux ha prodotto vini particolarmente impressionanti. Le precipitazioni potrebbero essere state più alte qui che più a nord, ma il microclima leggermente più caldo e i suoli poco profondi hanno forse permesso alle uve di maturare prima e più pienamente. Ci sono ancora vini leggeri e taglienti, tuttavia realtà come Palmer, Margaux e Rauzan-Ségla hanno prodotto vini tra i migliori dell’annata. 
 Ch. Margaux ha indicato la fioritura precoce come un vantaggio significativo nell’annata – “una benedizione”, nelle parole di Aurélien Valance. Il 2024 avrebbe dovuto essere l’anno finale della conversione biologica a Ch. Rauzan-Ségla, e quando la pressione della peronospora è aumentata, il team ha discusso seriamente se perseverare o meno. Con l’approvazione dei proprietari, hanno deciso che a lungo termine fosse la scelta giusta continuare – sapendo che avrebbe significato un sacrificio in resa (con un raccolto finale di 30 hl/ha), ma sarebbe stato anche il loro primo vino certificato biologico. Il team di Palmer – da lungo tempo biodinamico – ha dovuto effettuare fino a 10 trattamenti a mano, impossibilitato a portare i trattori tra le vigne. 
 Comunque lo si spieghi, i risultati qui parlano da soli – con vini che combinano graziosi, inebrianti floreali con frutto dolce e soffice, oltre a tannini fini ma persistenti, cipriati: vini seri che meriterebbero considerazione in qualsiasi annata. Questa è stata anche l’unica appellazione in cui i secondi vini – come Alter Ego de Palmer e Pavillon Rouge – hanno mostrato una qualità reale. 
 I nostri preferiti a Margaux: Brane-Cantenac, Giscours, Palmer, Margaux, Rauzan-Ségla Graves + Pessac-Léognan 
 Le rese per i rossi a Pessac-Léognan sono state – in modo insolito per l’anno – nella media. I bianchi sono discussi separatamente sotto, ma i rossi di Graves e Pessac-Léognan sono stati vari quanto altrove. Ci sono, tuttavia, alcuni vini affascinanti e alcuni molto impressionanti che smentiscono la reputazione dell’annata. 
 Questa regione meridionale ha visto più pioggia in agosto, non beneficiando forse dello stress idrico che è stato così importante altrove – ma la pioggia in quel mese non è stata eccessiva, solo in linea con la norma. A Smith Haut Lafitte, settembre ha visto più di tre volte la pioggia media (164 mm contro 48 mm), rendendo la vendemmia tutt’altro che facile. 
 Sebbene Carmes Haut-Brion abbia raccolto 40 hl/ha, ha vinificato solo 24 hl/ha – un altro esempio della selezione estrema messa in atto quest’anno dalle tenute focalizzate sulla qualità. Guillaume Pouthier – che offre sempre una prospettiva unica su un’annata – sta facendo qualcosa di diverso nell’affinamento quest’anno, riducendo la temperatura della cantina da 16°C a 12°C durante i due anni di élevage, per preservare il profilo fruttato del vino e favorire la precipitazione tartarica, riducendo così il livello di acidità. Il tempo dirà come funzionerà, quindi sarà affascinante degustare di nuovo il vino in bottiglia. 
 Domaine de Chevalier ha prodotto vini particolarmente impressionanti quest’anno e, sebbene lavorino da lungo tempo in biologico e biodinamico, quest’anno hanno preso la difficile decisione di usare trattamenti convenzionali – qualcosa che è stato premiato, con rese generose (48 hl/ha) e qualità molto elevata. 
 I nostri preferiti in Graves + Pessac-Léognan: Les Carmes Haut-Brion, Domaine de Chevalier, La Mission Haut-Brion Bianchi secchi 
 Alcuni parlano in estasi dei bianchi secchi del 2024 – e, sebbene ci siano assolutamente bianchi brillanti, la qualità è ben lontana dall’essere uniforme. 
 Le prime uve di Sauvignon Blanc sono state raccolte a Sauternes il 20 agosto, sebbene la maggior parte dei produttori con cui abbiamo parlato abbia vendemmiato tra la fine di agosto e l’inizio di settembre, con l’ultimo Sémillon portato in cantina il 23 settembre. Le rese sono state da medie a generose, con la peronospora molto meno problematica – 30 hl/ha a Margaux, 32 hl/ha a Smith Haut Lafitte, 38 hl/ha per Haut-Brion e La Mission Haut-Brion, 48 hl/ha a Domaine de Chevalier, per esempio, mentre sulla Riva Destra la scuderia Lafleur ha portato in cantina circa 40 hl/ha e il team di Nicolas Thienpont ha raccolto rispettivamente 43 hl/ha e 47 hl/ha ad Alcée e Charmes-Godard. 
 Le condizioni più fresche hanno preservato una spina dorsale di acidità nei vini, con pH conseguentemente bassi – analiticamente parlando, i vini hanno l’acidità più alta dal 2014. Gli aromatici sono precisi, dominati dal verde piuttosto che dal frutto a nocciolo, e certamente non all’estremità più tropicale dello spettro. Se mai, alcuni vini possono risultare un po’ verdi o esili. Come ha spiegato il Direttore Tecnico di Smith Haut Lafitte, Fabien Teitgen, la sfida era ottenere una maturità che rivestisse l’acido dell’annata, la polpa che completasse lo scheletro. La proprietaria Florence Cathiard ritiene che il risultato sia “uno dei [loro] migliori bianchi”. Allo stesso modo a Ch. Margaux, hanno fatto un po’ più di bâtonnage per dare peso al Pavillon Blanc – ed è una delle stelle dell’anno. 
 In alcuni, si avverte l’eccesso d’acqua della stagione di crescita – le rese generose sfociano in vini che non hanno sufficiente concentrazione. Il Sauvignon Blanc sembra essersela cavata meglio del Sémillon, più suscettibile al marciume e più difficile da portare a maturità fenolica – e molti dei nostri preferiti erano puro Sauvignon, o fortemente guidati dalla varietà. 
 I paragoni sono stati vari – sebbene il 2021 fosse comune per la spina acida e le condizioni più fresche. A Lafleur, Omri Ram è convinto che il 2024 Les Champs Libres sia uno dei loro migliori, posizionandosi comodamente accanto al 2023 e al 2021. A Ch. Margaux, Aurélien Valance ha guardato a un’annata sorprendente – la calda stagione 2018, ma in cui il vino ha un’impronta salina simile a quella riscontrata nel 2024. 
 I nostri preferiti: Charmes-Godard, De Fieuzal Blanc, Domaine de Chevalier Blanc, Haut-Brion Blanc, Les Champs Libres e Grand Village Blanc, Pavillon Blanc du Ch. Margaux Sauternes + Barsac 
 È facile presumere che, poiché pioggia e marciume hanno minacciato il raccolto nel 2024, sia stato perfetto per i vini dolci di Sauternes e Barsac: ma sono necessarie condizioni molto specifiche perché si instauri la muffa nobile, e se non vengono soddisfatte si ottiene marciume grigio – entrambi causati dallo stesso fungo, Botrytis cinerea. Il primo passaggio a Sauternes tendeva a svolgersi a fine settembre, con condizioni alternate di bagnato e asciutto che incoraggiavano lo sviluppo della muffa nobile dall’inizio di ottobre. Ma le squadre hanno dovuto combattere anche marciume grigio e acescenza – e un alto grado di selezione è stato fondamentale. A La Tour Blanche, hanno prodotto appena 3 hl/ha per il loro Grand Vin, una resa minuscola che eguaglia quella del 2021. 
 Le uve che sono arrivate in vasca offrivano livelli di acidità elevati, aromaticità precise, ma non la lussureggiante concentrazione delle annate davvero migliori. In base alle nostre degustazioni, i vini risultanti sono da buoni a molto buoni, se non proprio eccezionali, ma possono avere particolare appeal per i consumatori che preferiscono uno stile di vino dolce più leggero – con acidità più brillante e livelli di zucchero residuo leggermente inferiori. Sono vibranti e puri, con molta concentrazione, sebbene non così edonistici come gli anni più celebrati – e saranno approcciabili in una fase più precoce della loro vita. 
 I nostri preferiti: Doisy Védrines, Guiraud, La Tour Blanche, Suduiraut 
 Esplora Bordeaux 2024 – inclusa la nostra panoramica completa dell’annata

Dopo la nostra panoramica completa dell'annata e mentre continuano le uscite en primeur di Bordeaux 2024, esploriamo come si è comportata ogni sottoregione nell'anno, oltre a identificare i nostri vini preferiti in ciascuna

Bordeaux 2024: a breakdown of the vintage by region, with top picks from Saint-Estephe, Pauillac, Margaux, Saint-Julien, Saint-Emilion and Pomerol

Bordeaux 2024 – breaking the year down by commune

Bordeaux 2024: l'annata per comune

L'annata 2024 a Bordeaux ha portato piogge record, ma l'annata è molto più di questo. Mentre vengono lanciati i primi vini, Sophie Thorpe racconta un anno complicato e i vini che ha prodotto.

Explore the 2024 vintage in Bordeaux and the wines it produced – looking at the growing season and style of the wines as they’re released en primeur

Bordeaux 2024 wines en primeur – vintage overview

Bordeaux 2024: panoramica dell'annata

It all started, as the best things in life often do, with a glass of wine and something of an epiphany. Budding Shanghai-based chef, Alex Xu, was holidaying with his then-girlfriend (now his wife) in New Zealand in 2012. It was their first trip together, and the pair had decided to do some tastings at wineries in Central Otago and Marlborough. One particular Pinot Noir they encountered awoke something in Xu. He didn’t know it at the time, but this was the first in a series of wine-tasting experiences that would change the course of his life. “We were on a tastings tour,” recalls Xu of the seminal moment. “There was a group of us travelling from winery to winery on a bus, but when we got to Aurum in Cromwell, our last stop of the day, the owner, Brook Lawrence, came and really spent some time with us. He walked and talked us through the vineyards, we tasted out of a barrel, and he opened a few bottles to taste. He talked about – in a very straightforward way – why each wine tasted a bit different even though they were all from the same parcel, essentially. He spoke to us about how there were different approaches to making wine from using whole-cluster or de-stemmed grapes, to oak, to length in barrel.” Sipping the wine as Lawrence spoke about the various methodologies and decisions that contribute to its flavour, made Xu realise in that moment, that the way wine is made – grown, picked and then prepared and vinified – is similar to the way a chef works. “I remember thinking, ‘Oh, making wine is like farming and cooking, but maybe the cycle is a bit longer.’” How flavours and textures work to deliver deliciousness in food is something that Xu was increasingly fascinated by, but his experience at Aurum that afternoon in 2012, opened his mind to the complexity of winemaking and the different elements at play in the glass and on his palate. “It was so fascinating to me to taste a wine made using 100% whole cluster and then compare it to essentially the same wine made using de-stemmed grapes. It was probably the first time I tasted wine and was simultaneously aware of how it was made. We’d visited maybe three wineries before Aurum, and I really remember how the tannins were entirely different, texturally, from anything else we had tasted. Those whole-cluster wines were much more expressive and seductive to me – specifically Aurum’s Madeleine Pinot Noir. It was spiced, really floral, lifted and bright. I already knew that I loved Pinot Noir, but that was a real ‘wow’ moment.” Shortly afterwards, Xu signed up to WSET, not because he knew he wanted to be a wine professional, “but simply to understand better what I was tasting and why I was enjoying those things,” he explains. The principles and tasting techniques he started to adopt soon began to feed into his approach to cooking.  “It gave me a kind of mental grid to help evaluate wines – colour, aroma, flavours, acidity, alcohol, tannin, body, intensity, complexity, length,” he explains. “On one super fun R&D trip to Tokyo to learn as much as I could about ramen, I applied that kind of thinking and rigour to how I evaluated a whole bunch of different varieties.” His interest in wine, it would seem, was sharpening Xu’s critical faculties and improving his ability to identify and appraise different elements of flavour. In 2015, just as he was making the final preparations to open his restaurant, Baoism, in Shanghai, Xu became ill with mononucleosis (glandular fever). Locked in a fever for days, he decided to head to the countryside to recuperate. More specifically, to his family’s country retreat in Yuhu Village in the foothills of the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain in rural Yunnan. Yunnan is one of China’s most southwestern provinces, lying south of Sichuan and bordering Tibet to the northwest, Myanmar to the west, and Laos and Vietnam to the south. There’s no heavy industry, making Yunnan one of the least polluted corners of China. Instead, its 394,000 square kilometres encompass snow-capped mountains, rice terraces, lakes, forests and agricultural land.  Xu describes Yunnan as ‘China’s breadbasket’, explaining that the variation across the province in elevation and climate means that the region enjoys a long growing season, yielding all kinds of gastronomic wonders that are prized throughout the country and beyond. As well as the tea, coffee and tobacco of central Yunnan, the province is probably best known for the wide variety of mushrooms it produces. Wild morels, porcini, truffles and a mushroom called matsutake or ‘pine mushroom’ in Japanese. Yunnan still exports tonnes upon tonnes of them to Japan each year, although they’re also enjoyed locally, sliced very thin and dipped in soy sauce and wasabi. The food of Yunnan reflects many influences. “I’m Han Chinese and that’s the majority ethnic group,” explains Xu, “but we have, I think, 25 different ethnic minorities in Yunnan. There are Tibetans, Laotians, ethnic Thai, ethnic Leong – and that’s just the tip of the cultural diversity iceberg. And even though we’re pretty far from Vietnam and Laos here in the Northwest, we still have a lot of lime and mint here. In the summer, the sun is really intense because of the high UV radiation at the altitude, so we eat a lot of foods that are very fresh. Our cuisine puts a lot of value on nuance and delicate complexity, rather than power and spice.” Xu’s Shanghai-resident parents holidayed in Yunnan in the early 2000s and fell in love with Yuhu Village. On discovering there was no running water, they helped the villagers build a pipeline from a glacier atop the mountain, and as a show of thanks, the villagers gave them some land on which they built a house.  Despite the abundance of beautiful fresh produce grown elsewhere in the province, the landscape around Yuhu Village is almost completely devoid of agriculture due to the barrenness of the soil. But its wide-open spaces and fresh mountain air (at an elevation of 2,800 metres) were the perfect tonic for Xu’s mononucleosis recovery. Within two days, he shook off the blanket under which he had been shivering for weeks and, almost suddenly, was back to rude health and able to enjoy being out in the sunshine and open countryside. And that’s when he saw something he’d never seen before: a group of villagers digging melon-sized rocks out of the ground. “I asked my friend what was going on,” says Xu, “and he explained that the rocky soil is so poor and so bad at retaining water that nothing really grows. So instead of harvesting crops, the locals dig up rocks that can be used for building projects.” Sloping landscape, poor and rocky soil, cool climate – something clicked in the back of Xu’s mind. “I remember thinking ‘Maybe we could plant vineyards here.’ It’s weird because there are no vineyards in that part of Yunnan, and I had never considered planting vines or making wine until that very moment.” Two weeks later, Xu was back in Shanghai, busier than ever as the head chef and proprietor of his just-opened restaurant. But he had made some calls, reaching out to friends about his ‘crazy idea’. He was introduced to David Tyney, an Australian viticultural consultant who had been working in New Zealand for around 15 years. Over the next 12 months, also working with Simon Clark and Feng Liu, they collaborated to establish whether or not growing vines would be feasible – installing a weather station, analysing soil samples and, ultimately, identifying a small parcel of land outside Xu’s village that had potential. Xu planted vines in May 2017 knowing that, at some point, he’d have to choose between the restaurant and the vineyard project. When his landlord got in touch later in the year to say that he was upping the rent at Baoism, it made the decision easier than anticipated. Now able to focus solely on the vineyard, Xu asked his viticultural consultant the best and fastest way to learn about making wine. The answer came: “Work vintages”. The memory of the Pinot Noirs he had tasted at Aurum called him back to New Zealand, where husband and wife team Brook and Lucie Lawrence welcomed Xu’s request to come and work the 2017 harvest with them as their only additional help managing their four-hectare site. “I’d heard from my consultants that making wine is very much like working in a kitchen,” says Xu. “It’s mostly cleaning but I would be there to work hard, observe and absorb. I was already used to a world where cleaning and physical labour were very much part of the job, but what I found on my first vintage, working with Lucie and Brook, was that winemaking has this incredible combination of intellectual curiosity and satisfaction.  You’re constantly thinking about how and why, trialling different things here and there, understanding how different viticultural or vinification decisions affect what ends up in the glass. Plus, you have this real satisfaction from doing physical labour that you don’t get in a lot of work. It had a pace that was a little bit slower than restaurants – still very intense – but it felt more sustainable. And at Aurum I saw that when people are really good at what they do, they kind of glide around the winery, the way great chefs glide around their kitchens. It made me want to become better. I understood that that’s what I want to be like, and I understood how the work would appeal to me. I also learned that this was a real business – that I couldn’t just throw myself into it without giving it proper respect.” One of Xu’s big learnings at Aurum was about quality over quantity. “They’d been hit hard in the economic crisis of 2008 and had to shed 10 hectares of their site, leaving them with just four. So they were down to bare bones. What they were doing, if they got it right, would just about support them.” A sobering thought, but Xu was inspired.  Despite the pressure they were under to make it work, he admired the decisions Brook and Lucie made in the field, in the winery and beyond. For example, as part of their uncompromising focus on quality, they held on to bottles for the amount of time they felt was necessary before releasing them. “While I was there, one of their 2014 Pinots (they make three) won Best Pinot Noir in New Zealand,” says Xu. “It was a testament to how good they are as winemakers.” Perhaps unsurprisingly, Xu trusted his tastebuds to lead him to his next vintage experience. In 2015, he had attended a blind tasting event in Hong Kong hosted by Jancis Robinson MW. One wine stood out. “The theme of the event was to blind taste Chardonnay and Pinot Noir wines from across the world,” says Xu, “and I look up to Jancis immensely, so I felt I had to be there. As everyone does at some point or another, Jancis called one wine completely wrong. What she had called as ‘a great, great white Burgundy’, turned out to be a Quartz Chardonnay by Australian winery, Bindi. When it was revealed, Jancis wasn’t surprised: ‘It’s a Bindi? Of course, that makes sense,’ and she spoke about how serious the work is there and how great the winemakers are.” As Xu contemplated the delicious liquid in his glass, he found himself thinking what a triumph it was for New World wine; that it in the unprejudiced environment of a blind tasting event, the Jancis Robinson had put an Aussie Chardonnay in the same quality bracket as top white Burgundy.  Having sought out and enjoyed Bindi wines on several subsequent occasions, Xu applied to work the 2018 vintage with owner-winemaker Michael Dhillon. Though almost twice as big in size as Aurum’s, Bindi’s operation was still small enough for Xu to have a hand in everything during the vintage. And beyond the day-to-day harvest and winemaking work, Xu got to taste and discuss wines with Michael and his family in the evenings. “What was wonderful at Bindi was, because I was living with the family, I cooked a lot for them – almost every night – and they opened a lot of very special bottles. I found that so valuable; that they shared so many incredible wines with me, that we talked about them, and they were able to articulate why those wines appealed to them. And the wines weren’t all monolithic, there was quite a bit of variation in how the wines were built, structurally, even in the grape varieties, but you could see that Michael had a very clear idea of what he valued, of what mattered in wine to him. I realised that I needed to do that too, that my responsibility to my work, to my dream, wasn’t just about becoming a technician – simply knowing how to make wine – because that’s not enough. I needed to figure out what matters to me, to understand it and to be able to articulate it, and to evaluate wine from that vantage point.” Xu still speaks to Dhillon regularly, having gained a mentor as well as invaluable experience. He has also stayed in touch with Brook and Lucie at Aurum. In fact, when he mentioned to them that he was keen to do a vintage at Domaine Dujac in Burgundy, they told Xu that they knew the Seysses family personally, and would be happy to write a recommendation. They did, and Xu was offered a spot on Dujac’s 2018 harvest crew. “That was such a nice moment for me and a really great example of how people in the wine industry are much less directly competitive than people in restaurants,” says Xu. “There’s a much greater sense of sharing knowledge, and I love that. It’s still amazing to me, not just how much information the best winemakers in the world are willing to share about how they make their secret sauce, but also that they’re willing to go out of their way to help people like me find opportunities to learn and grow.” Xu’s winemaking learning curve and his palate education continued apace at Dujac under the tutelage of Jeremy Seysses and his wife Diana (who splits her time between Dujac and Napa where she is the winemaker at both her family vineyard, Snowden, and Ashes & Diamonds). Xu was one of just four stagiaires along with a sommelier from a 3-star Michelin restaurant in New York and a young but experienced Australian couple, who were all encouraged to take it in turns to choose four bottles from the cellars to open in the evenings after a hard day’s work.  “They would give us the inventory for the cellar and say ‘Ok, pick four wines and we’ll blind taste them.’ It was so much fun! We would taste and talk – and the really cool thing was that most of the wines we were trying were made by the family’s friends at neighbouring domaines. When you blind taste with people, you start to understand what they like, what they don’t like, and particularly how they think about wine. Because we were in the winery tasting the fermenting wines every day, and also out of barrels – when it came to tasting these amazing bottles every evening, we really got a sense of what Jeremy and his father Jacques valued in wine. It was such a privilege – so many wines I’ll never taste again but will remember forever.” Xu particularly remembers the wine he tasted on the evening of Jeremy’s birthday. Diana asked him to cook a special birthday meal (Chinese dumplings from scratch), while Jeremy brought up some very special bottles from the cellar. Two bottles of La Tâche – a 1966 and a ’72 – for starters, and Xu’s eyes glaze over at the memory of them. “Those wines were magical to me. First of all, the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti (DRC) bottles in the Dujac cellars are direct exchanges because the families are close. Aubert de Villaine is the godfather of Jeremy’s son – he came to lunch one day, and I think I was slack-jawed the entire time – but you know, those wines had entered the cellars in the 60s and not moved. Talk about pristine storage conditions – they’d travelled only a few kilometres to get there! The next thing to say is that these tasting experiences were my first with Pinot Noir that old – around 50 years.  Tasting them was mind-blowing as I had no concept of what it would look and taste like at that age, but simultaneously a validation of all the things that I love about Pinot Noir. 1966 was one of those years, a bit like 2017, where the vintage produced wines that people just drank straight out the gate as it was so delicious.  People didn’t really know if wine like that would fare well over time. But tasting it confirmed that the ’66 La Tâche had retained the balance it started with. Yes, it had gained all the savoury, leather and undergrowth characteristics, but all the purity of fruit and aromatic expressiveness and complexity still formed the core of the wine. But maybe the roses had gone from fresh to dried, and strawberries from fresh to gently baked – but the sweetness and succulence, the perfume and the spice, everything was still there. The ’72 was interesting too because, unlike the ’66, it was a really difficult vintage. And yet the wine had aged remarkably gracefully – all the elements were there, it was just a bit quieter perhaps, less intense than the ’66.” Xu also remembers Jeremy opening a magnum of 1964 Clos de la Pousse d’Or – the first vintage made by Gérard Potel whom Jeremy’s father, Jacques, had worked with and learned a lot from. “The magnum was pristine, and the wine exhibited all the things I love about Burgundy: perfume, texture, massive complexity and spice. You know that way that Pinot Noir can be weightless without being light or lacking intensity or energy? It had this weightless intensity and a savoury complexity that was just stunning. So beautiful.” Through the wines Xu was tasting, he wasn’t just building a vision for the kinds of wine he hopes to make in Yunnan, he was starting to understand something much more profound – the kind of life in wine he wants to make for himself. At the end of his season at Dujac, when Jeremy asked him if he wanted to visit some other Burgundy domaines to do some tasting and maybe think about where next to approach to do a vintage (as a result of the subsequent tastings – and Dujac’s influence – Xu worked the 2019 vintage with Pierre-Yves Colin-Morey), Xu had perhaps the biggest epiphany on his wine adventure to date. He knew that he didn’t just want to nurture fruit on the vine and turn it into wine, but also – like his own mentors – nurture and encourage like-minded people to follow their noses, awaken and educate their palates, and start their own wine adventures. With just under three hectares of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay vines planted on the south-facing slopes of his Miao Lu vineyard in Yunnan, Xu is fully committed to maintaining more than a flow of vinified grape juice in the coming years. The knowledge and passion that flows freely around the vigneron’s dinner table, and the convivial spirit of generosity Xu discovered at each world-class winery, are just as important to his vision for Miao Lu. Yes, making exquisite, thoughtful wine with love and care is vital – but so too is the culture of sharing, savouring and celebrating good wine in good company, and raising a well-nosed glass – as often as possible – to hard work, friendship, and the magic you simply can’t bottle. This article was originally published in FONDATA, Issue One

FONDATA’s Gavin Lucas speaks to the restaurateur-turned-winegrower Alex Xu about the series of epiphanic moments in the company of great winemakers that completely reshaped his future

Restaurateur-turned-winegrower Alex Xu shares the series of epiphanic moments with great winemakers that completely reshaped his future

FONDATA: Epiphany Wines

Epiphany Wines 

To Kalon. For any Californian winemaker, those two words represent the Holy Grail. This vineyard in Oakville, Napa, is undeniably the region’s most famous. Perched at the foot of the Mayacamas, west of Highway 29, this site has been recognised for producing fine wine since the 19th century. Literally translating as the “highest beauty” or “highest good” from Greek, today To Kalon is home to some of Napa’s oldest vines and best Cabernet Sauvignon. “This is a Grand Cru – a premier property,” Paul Hobbs tells me, a winemaker who has a long history with the site. As a grad student at UC Davis, Hobbs would swipe the second crop from a vineyard on Walnut Drive – what happened to be BV4, Beaulieu Vineyard’s original block of To Kalon. At Mondavi – the largest holder of the hallowed site – he got to walk the rows more legitimately, and used those holdings to build Opus One – the company’s joint venture with Ch. Mouton Rothschild (although the association with the site has generally been played down). Under his own label, he’s been making wine from the Beckstoffer section of the vineyard since 1999 – and his wines, along with those from Schrader, were some of the early bottlings that put the vineyard firmly on the fine wine map, earning high scores – and lots of attention. Indeed, it was a Paul Hobbs wine that made Tor Kenward believe the vineyard was truly special. André Tchelistcheff had spoken to Kenward about BV4, but it was one of Hobbs’s bottlings that made him realise its potential. He started working with Beckstoffer plots from 2005. 
“It’s not visually impressive; it doesn’t have that ‘wow factor’,” Kenward tells me. But start digging below the surface, and you realise that you’re in the “tenderloin of Napa”, with old creek beds that run through the site. It’s an alluvial fan that runs down from the Mayacamas, sitting almost on a bench – with very little elevation. But the soils here are varied, with deep, well-drained gravels that make it perfect for Cabernet Sauvignon.  Andy Erickson – a winemaker whose resume includes Screaming Eagle, Harlan, Dalla Valle, Mayacamas and many more – first worked with the site in 2012, on a single-barrel charity lot for an auction at his children’s school. When Constellation (owners of Mondavi and co-owners of Opus One) called him to give him the chance to work with it again in 2016, he didn’t hesitate. That year, he made the first wine for the To Kalon Vineyard Company – a project that is a revival of the brand created by H.W. Crabb (known variously as Henry Walker, Hiram Walker or Hamilton Walker Crabb) in 1886, the vineyard’s godfather. “Most people know the recent history of the vineyard, and the acclaim of the wines from the past 15-20 years. But the vineyard was known for producing remarkable wines all the way back in the late 19th century. Clearly there is something there,” Erickson says.  But this vineyard is weighed down with controversy – its borders endlessly debated, with producers vying for use of the To Kalon name.  The history of the To Kalon Vineyard It’s impossible to look at To Kalon today without tracing its origins. H.W. Crabb came west from Ohio during the Gold Rush, spending six months digging in the Sierras before settling in Oakville in 1868, buying 240 acres of land at the corner of Highway 29 and Walnut Drive. He planted a wide range of crops, first making wine in 1872 under the name Hermosa Vineyards (“hermosa” meaning “beautiful” in Spanish). In 1881, he acquired another 119 acres from Eliza Yount (whose name lives on in Yountville). On land to the west of his plots, owned by John Davis, he planted additional vines – buying the fruit off Davis to feed his increasing production. In 1886, he gave his company a new name: “To Kalon Vineyard Company” – and the legend was born. Crabb reportedly said, “The name To-Kalon… means the highest beauty, or the highest good, but I try to make it mean the boss vineyard.”
 To Kalon Vineyard Company rapidly became one of the region’s largest – and most well-respected – wine producers. His wines started winning awards at competitions around the world, and he was the first to start selling wine along the East Coast. He had planted a huge range of grapes – around 400 different varieties, including Malvasia, Riesling, Chasselas, Muscat, Refosco and Cabernet Sauvignon, with the latter in particular thriving. In 1889, he bought 168 acres on the hillside to the south, close to where Harlan is now based, although it was never planted with vines during Crabb’s lifetime. In 1891, Crabb bought Davis’s 135 acres (from which he’d already been buying the fruit). In total, Crabb had more than 359 acres.  But his success wasn’t to last – phylloxera arrived in the late 19th century, and recession along with it. In 1898, Crabb sold the 135 acres he’d bought just eight years earlier – and died one year later in 1899. The vines were ripped out, replaced by cherry trees under David Perry Doak in 1911, who in turn purchased another 500 acres of vines from John Benson, south of the border of the original To Kalon (across Oakville Grade Road), which is now all owned by Constellation (used for Mondavi or Opus One). After Crabb’s death, what remained of the To Kalon Vineyard Company was sold to ES Churchill at auction, taken over by his widow Mary Churchill when he died in 1903. Wines continued to be sold under the label until the arrival of Prohibition in 1920. The winery reopened briefly to sell wine in bulk in the 1930s, but the winery building burnt down in 1939. Four years later, Martin Stelling bought most of the property – 337 acres – and replanted. He sold 90 acres to Beaulieu Vineyard (the block that became known as BV4 – and was the plot used by André Tschelistcheff made Georges de Latour Reserve). In 1944, Stelling bought an additional 1,700 acres – the McGill Ranch, which included the parcels owned by Doak (both Crabb’s 1891 parcel and the 500 acres area south of Oakville Grade Road). He named the entire property Tokalon Vineyards, and in 1945 planted Sauvignon Blanc in I Block – the legendary parcel that is today used for Mondavi’s prized, old-vine To Kalon Fumé Blanc.  Tragedy struck again, however, with Stelling killed in a car crash in 1950. The property was once more divided, sold off in pieces by his widow.   
Rosa Mondavi, along with her sons Robert and Peter, purchased 132 hectares in 1962 for the family winery, Charles Krug. After Robert struck out on his own, he bought 12 acres for himself in 1966 (that remained in the Stelling family) – in the northeast corner of the 1968 Crabb parcel, where the Mondavi winery and visitor centre remains today. He bought a further 230 acres in 1968, and then took the Charles Krug section from the rest of his family in 1978. The first time the To Kalon name appeared on a Mondavi label – and the first time since the demise of the To Kalon Vineyard Company – was on the 1986 Fumé Blanc Reserve. The I Block – the Sauvignon Blanc vines planted by Stelling in 1945 – were singled out for the first time in 1995, for the vines’ 50th anniversary. The first red – Mondavi’s To Kalon Reserve Cabernet Sauvignon – appeared with the 1997 vintage. The To Kalon Vineyard’s terroir As already mentioned, To Kalon is largely an alluvial fan that stretches down from the Mayacamas to Highway 29. It is, however, a large piece of land (the exact area depending on where you draw its borders – see below for more on the controversy around this) – and as such the terroir varies considerably. The soils are richer downslope, closer to the Highway; poorer and better-drained higher up (where many – including Hobbs and Kenward – prefer to be). The gravel composition varies with the subtle slope differences and underground water.  “It’s like any cut of meat – there are better parts than others,” Hobbs says. With over 300 original acres (at least), this is a substantial vineyard (for comparison, Clos Vougeot is 125 acres). “It’s great if you have the name To Kalon, but could be pretty average stuff.” The Beckstoffer section is numbered and lettered: A to F, from road to mountain, with A1 south of A2. For Hobbs, he likes the blocks closer to the mountains, and those that aren’t shaded by the huge walnut trees that line Walnut Drive (to the south). Hobbs noted how much warmer Oakville is than Yountville – something he used to notice when driving in the evening home from Oakville to Yountville. The mountains block the sea breezes, meaning that the cooling effect happens, but more slowly. This is partly what makes it such a special place. Tor Kenward similarly prefers some of the middle blocks in B and C, where there are some of the vineyard’s oldest vines, but with lower vigour, as well as the leaner soils closest to the mountains. As for the MacDonald or Horton block: “You could argue it’s every bit as good as Andy’s piece,” Kenward says. It, along with the Detert block, was planted in the 1940s – and in fact those two blocks are now home to some of the valley’s oldest vines. Even closer to the mountains, the gravel content is even higher, and the fruit is picked up to a month earlier than elsewhere in To Kalon. Although until now most of that fruit has been sold to Constellation, there will be opportunity for others to work with it as that contract comes to an end.   
The Beckstoffer plots of To Kalon Andy Beckstoffer bought Beaulieu Vineyard’s block, BV4, in 1993. He’d just lost a prized site – Liparita, on Howell Mountain – when the 89 acres of BV4 came up. He’d worked the site for years and leapt at the opportunity to buy it. “It’s a mystery to me why they sold it,” Paul Hobbs told me, although word on the grapevine was that they needed to liquidate funds – indeed, it was around the same time that Mondavi went public for similar reasons. Phylloxera was once more raging through the region thanks to the widely used, non-resistant AXR rootstock.  The BV4 block was in bad shape when Beckstoffer took it over and he had to replant the entire site. Paul Hobbs was one of the first to use fruit from Beckstoffer’s plots, starting to work with him from 1995/96. “Andy didn’t really realise he had a Grand Cru property,” Hobbs says. Hobbs was given free rein to pick his plots, opting for four or five plots on the western side, furthest from Highway 29. The vineyard produced its first fruit in 1997; 1998 was a difficult year; but in 1999 Hobbs was able to produce his first To Kalon bottling (although it couldn’t say so on the label). “I was loathe to tell people how young it was – but the quality was so good,” Hobbs says, still starry eyed thinking about it. “It was only four years old, but producing stunning wines.” Most fruit is sold on its weight, by the ton, but Andy Beckstoffer created a different model – one that is intricately tied to the vineyard’s name and reputation – and arguably has increased its reputation. Producers who use his fruit pay him 175 times the bottle price per ton, with a ceiling at $50,000/ton; tying the value of the fruit to the value of the final wine. “For producers like me in those days, when I didn’t have the land or ability to buy land, Andy was a saviour of sorts,” Hobbs tells me. “Because I had access to one of the top vineyards in all of Napa. I had to pay – but at least I had access.”
  The To Kalon controversy: how big is it? And is it a brand or a place? Mondavi trademarked the name “To Kalon” in 1988, and “To Kalon Vineyard” in 1994. This gave them the right to use the name on any wine from anywhere – even beyond California – and meant that no one else could use the name, even if they had plots in what was considered the original To Kalon vineyard. The first Beckstoffer bottlings only mentioned the name on the back label; but in 2000, Schrader decided to put it on the front label. The now famous lawsuit commenced. “They shouldn’t have been able to trademark it,” Hobbs tells me. “Anyone from the original To Kalon estate should have the right to the trademark as well.” In 2002, Mondavi sued Schrader for using the name on their Beckstoffer bottling. Countersuing ensued, from both Schrader and Beckstoffer (the latter arguing that Mondavi was misleading clients by using the name for wines made with fruit from beyond the vineyard’s original borders). A settlement – the details of which remain a mystery – was made in 2003, but wines made from the Beckstoffer section can now bear the name “Beckstoffer To Kalon”.  Constellation bought Mondavi in 2004, and then Schrader in 2017. Reportedly attempts were made to trademark “To Kalon Wine Company”, “To Kalon Vineyard Company” and “Rooted in To Kalon” – something, unsurprisingly, that Beckstoffer objected to. The legal battle continues today, with a fight over the naming of To Kalon Creek, and The Vineyard House – owned by Jeremy Nickel, which sits on the 1889 hillside section – arguing for the use of the name as well.  The borders of the vineyard are a constant source of debate – and given the history above, you can see why.  Andy Beckstoffer considers the original To Kalon to be only the parcels bought by Crabb in 1868 and 1881. The 1889 parcel was never planted by Crabb, so most aren’t inclined to include it as “original To Kalon”. The Detert and MacDonald plots, however, aren’t acknowledged by Beckstoffer, but were planted – and, albeit more briefly than other plots, owned by Crabb. Then there’s the “Stelling extension”, the southern section added after Crabb’s death under Martin Stelling, that Mondavi considers part of the original vineyard, but some others do not. Given the sums fruit – and wine – bearing the To Kalon name command, it’s unsurprising that its usage is so disputed.  
To Kalon: what does the wine taste like?  So what makes the wine so special? Why do winemakers fight for the fruit, and consumers for the bottles they produce? Despite the sheer variety of the site, Tor Kenward is adamant that there’s a continuity, with a profile that that site gives Cabernet. He describes it as “wall-to-wall carpeting”, a plushness to the mid-palate, a softness, that means the Cabernet isn’t hard-edged. “There’s something about the ground there,” Andy Erickson agrees. For him, To Kalon has a distinct tannin texture – not as rugged as hillside sites, but richer, with a generosity in the wines. “They are dark, aromatic, but very broad and polished,” he says. “I think the vineyard brings forward many of the complexities of Cabernet Sauvignon, but delivers it in a very approachable and elegant package.” “It’s very identifiable,” Paul Hobbs says. “It’s a structural and textural thing mostly. It’s a freshness to this sort of tannin. It has grip, but it has this uplifting character.” He explains it like a skipping stone – you think you’ve got it, then another wave comes, the wine shifting on the palate. For him, one of the most distinctive things is that Cabernet sings alone here – much better than blended with other varietals. “It didn’t need the help of its brothers,” he says. “It’s a wine that’s at peace with itself… It doesn’t shock you, except in its beauty.”
 Who owns what today in To Kalon? Robert Mondavi: From the original 12 acres, Mondavi now owns 328 acres of To Kalon, including the Stelling extension. Has the rights to use the To Kalon name.  Opus One: The 35-acre Q Block was sold to the joint venture by Mondavi in 1981, with K block acquired in 2008. Although under Constellation’s ownership they could likely use the To Kalon name, Opus One doesn’t trade on this. (To Kalon Vineyard Company uses fruit from Constellation’s holdings, both Opus One and Mondavi plots.) UC Davis: a research block that was key in developing phylloxera-resistant rootstock
Beckstoffer: 89 acres, with fruit sold to a range of producers (currently 23), including Paul Hobbs, Tor Kenward and Schrader. Producers can use the name “Beckstoffer To Kalon” on their labels. MacDonald (sometimes referenced as Horton): Graeme and Alex MacDonald are the current generation, owning 21 acres of the 1891 parcel. When their great-grandparents bought the site in 1954 (along with the Detert plot – see below – from Caroline Stelling, Martin Stelling’s widow) it was planted with cherry trees. Advised by Robert Mondavi, the MacDonalds planted vines. From 1966, they sold grapes to Mondavi – holding some back for personal use from 2004, with the first MacDonald commercial release in 2010 (just 92 cases). Although historically 75% of production here has been sold to Mondavi, I’m led to believe that the contract is coming to a close and won’t be renewed. The MacDonalds can’t use the To Kalon name on their wines currently. Detert: Today owned by Tom Garrett, a cousin of the MacDonalds. This 25-acre plot was bought in 1954, along with the MacDonald parcel – divided between the buyers’ children giving the two plots today. There’s more Cabernet Franc in this section. Most of the fruit is sold to Mondavi (with the contract, as for MacDonald, coming to an end soon), and Detert can’t use the To Kalon name on their wines. The Vineyard House: Many dispute whether or not this is original To Kalon; it’s on the hillside area purchased (but not planted) by Crabb in 1891. This plot is owned by Jeremy Justin Nickel, who is the son of the late Far Niente proprietor Gil Nickel. It’s thought to have first been planted with vines in 1980. They can’t use the To Kalon name on their wines, but have taken court action over the issue.  Wineries with To Kalon bottlings  NB Not all of these will bear the To Kalon name on the label Mondavi Winery, Opus One, To Kalon Vineyard Company, MacDonald, Detert, Alpha Omega, Amici, Alejandro Bulgheroni Estate, AXR, Bacio Divino, B Cellars, Boich Family, Bounty Hunter, Cain Concept, Carter cellars, Ch Boswell, Jacquelynn, Kitchak, Cliff Lede, Morlet, Realm Cellars, Tor Kenward, Paul Hobbs, Schrader Cellars Read more Editorial 

The Napa Valley has many incredible vineyards, but To Kalon undoubtedly sits at the top of the tree. As the To Kalon Vineyard Company releases their latest vintage, Sophie Thorpe delves into the story of this iconic site – from its 19th century origins to the fight to use its hallowed name

Explore the history of To Kalon vineyard – and what makes it such an iconic site today. We spoke to Andy Erickson, Paul Hobbs and Tor Kenward to find out more

The tale of Napa’s iconic To Kalon vineyard

The tale of To Kalon

The state of Indiana is probably best known as the home of the 200-lap motor race, the Indy 500, but it is little known that it is home to America’s first commercial winemakers: a group of French-speaking Swiss settlers, who made their way from the Vaud to the not-yet-a-state of
Indiana in the late 18th century.  Unfortunately, the past two centuries has been unkind to the wine ambitions of the early settlers despite being home to vast swathes of vine-loving limestone; instead, the Hoosier state is more interested in corn and soybeans than grapes and it was in this rural farming environment that a young Jeb Dunnuck grew up, far from the burgeoning winelands of the western seaboard.  Raised in a non-wine drinking family, his late start in wine was clearly no handicap: in 2013, the world’s most important wine critic hired him. “I knew I’d found a younger version of myself,” wrote Robert Parker at the time. Parker had been a lawyer that turned his hand to writing wine reviews in the late 1970s. Dunnuck was a baby when The Wine Advocate was first published but in a similar vein to Parker, he had another career before wine paid the mortgage.  An aerospace engineer by training, he caught the wine bug while working for the listed security and aerospace firm Lockheed Martin in upstate New York. He was – and remains – an outdoorsy type and at weekends he would drive three hours to go rock climbing; en-route he stumbled across a wine store, which led to the start of another hobby and a new career. “I would always stop at this tiny, eclectic wine shop that had a great selection of Bordeaux. I think that was where I probably bought my first bottle of wine, “he says. “My wife Traci was a teacher, and we didn’t make much money at the time, but I still remember hiding $20 to $30 a week so I could buy a different bottle every Friday. Some of the first wines I purchased in any quantity were 1990 and 1996 Bordeaux.” Now firmly ensconced in Boulder, which is to mountain bikers what Bordeaux is to wine lovers, Dunnuck recounts how he went from being an aerospace engineer saving up to buy a single bottle of wine at the weekend to respected wine critic. “In 2008, I created the TheRhoneReport website and started writing professionally about wine. I was lucky that I knew web programming, so I designed an online database and built the original site over a weekend. I still use the same database today,” he says. “I would work during the day at Ball Aerospace, then write for The Rhone Report from about 8pm to 2am every night. I did that for five years.” His work ethic and output clearly impressed: in 2013 an email appeared in his inbox from Robert Parker, asking Dunnuck to work for him and you don’t say no to Parker.  
The Parker Years The remit at The Wine Advocate included California, Washington and southern France, including the Rhône, and his lively tasting notes made a refreshing change. “It’s funny you say that, as I truly can’t stand flowery prose,” says Dunnuck.  “I approach the job with an engineering viewpoint as opposed to that of a writer; I’m here to solve problems and the purpose of JebDunnuck.com is to help subscribers find wines they like. You do that by tasting as broadly as possible, writing straightforward vintage reports, and doing your best to
describe and give candid opinions on the quality of the wines. That is the goal”.  But in 2017, just four years later, Dunnuck handed in his notice and went solo. “I loved working at The Wine Advocate, particularly in the early years, when Parker was heavily involved. However, I disagreed with the direction of the company and management, and thought it wasn’t a good fit for me as time went on,” he explains. Within months of
handing in his resignation, JebDunnuck.com was launched.  He retains the principles of an Advocate reviewer, basing his business on a subscription model and paying his way rather
than relying on wine associations or producer groups to fund his trips. 
Dunnuck Drinks 
While he might be known for his love of all things Rhône-related, he has now included Bordeaux into his roster of regions and publishes major reports, which include reviews of up to 1000 wines at a time, as well as smaller articles on other regions and individual producers.  But what we all want to know is what’s in his personal cellar? “I’m a Francophile so my cellar is mostly Rhône and Bordeaux,” he says, revealing he’s just bought a case each of the 2017 Janasse Châteauneuf-du-Pape Cuvée Vieilles Vignes, 2016 Château Sansonnet from Saint-Émilion, and the 2017 Domaine du Pegau Châteauneuf-du-Pape Cuvée Réservée, “but I drink plenty of wines from California’s Central Coast, Sonoma, Napa Valley, Washington, Italy and Spain.” What Rhône vintages should FINE+RARE’s clients be opening? In the Syrah-dominant 
northern Rhône, the wines of the noughties are all ready to be opened. “For lovers of young wines or those with little patience, 2014 is an early drinking, moderately concentrated vintage that has lots of upfront charm. I think one of the greatest vintages ever for the Northern Rhône, the 2015s are massive and structured wines that will reward bottle age. However, Crozes-Hermitage, some Saint-Joseph, and some Cornas are approachable today. Meanwhile, the 2016s are classic, elegant wines that will have early appeal as well yet also age
gracefully.” Vintage-wise, it’s not such a different story in the southern Rhône, home to the appellations of Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Gigondas and more. If the label states 2009 or earlier, the drinking window has opened up and you should start enjoying; yes, you can open your 2010s but
there’s no rush. “Looking at younger vintages, the 2015s and 2016s should probably be held for a few more years, although there are plenty of 2016s drinking nicely, albeit in a youthful sense. 2016 is a great, great vintage for the southern Rhône, and the top wines are going to reward bottle age.” Dunnuck’s vintage is 1975. He’s clearly entered his working window in the past 10 years but will continue to hold and potentially improve for another 20 to 30 years. Based on the history of his home state’s wine scene, it’s clear he is already one of Indiana’s finest wine
exports.  Non-trade subscribers, can sign up to JebDunnuck.com for US$99 annually, which includes all reports, articles and reviews and Wine-Searcher listings. Cellar Tracker users can link their
cellared wines to Dunnuck’s reviews. In 2019, he reviewed 10,000 wines. 
Bordeaux 2019 En Primeur As the 2019s from Bordeaux begin to release, Dunnuck gives his picks for lesser known producers in the region. Looking in Bordeaux on the Right Bank and stepping outside the well-known names, some gems would be Château Badette, Château Sansonnet, Tour Saint-Christophe, Quinault l’Enclos, Château Barde-Haut, Château Ripeau, La Dominique, Clos Saint Julien, and Clos de Sarpe, among others. I absolutely love Jeremy Chasseuil’s Pomerol from Château Feytit-Clinet, and Château Laroque, under David Suire, has taken off as well.  On the Left Bank, some estates on the uptick would be Chateau Pédesclaux, Château Gloria, and Château Saint-Pierre in Saint Julien. I think Château Rauzan-Ségla is making their best wines ever while Château Labégorce and Marquis d’Alesme Becker, both under the helm of
Marjolaine de Coninck, are making brilliant wines today. Some other hidden gems would by Château Charmail, Clos Manou, Château Le Coteau in the Arsac region of Margaux, and Château Marojallia, just to name a few. While the US consumer doesn’t like second wines, given the incredible selection being made by the top estates, I’d wager the second wines today rival the grands vins of the past. The ship might have sailed already, but people should jump on the wines of Les Carmes Haut-Brion. Guillaume Pouthier is doing an incredible job there and is making world-class wines. I also think the dry whites from Olivier Bernard’s Clos des Lunes, which are based on Sémillon from old vines in Sauternes, don’t get the recognition they deserve.  Discover all Bordeaux listings or read more Editorial

Aerospace engineer turned wine critic Jeb Dunnuck talks to FINE+RARE about his trajectory from discovering wine to becoming one of the world’s leading voices on the Rhône, California and Bordeaux. 

Wine critic Jeb Dunnuck on his trajectory to becoming one of the world’s leading voices on the Rhône, California and Bordeaux. 

Jeb Dunnuck on finding his space

Jeb Dunnuck: Finding his space

È difficile fare affermazioni generali su un'annata come il 2023 a Bordeaux. Dopo la nostra panoramica dell'annata, approfondiamo ulteriormente l'argomento, suddividendolo per comune per offrire una panoramica su come ogni sottoregione si è comportata in questa singolare annata.

Bordeaux 2023: a breakdown of the vintage by region, with top picks from Saint-Estephe, Pauillac, Margaux, Saint-Julien, Saint-Emilion and Pomerol 

Bordeaux 2023 – breaking the year down by commune

Bordeaux 2023: l'annata per comune

The 2022 vintage broke records in France for its hot, dry conditions – but the wines it produced are far from solar. Fresh from a week spent digging into the vintage with producers and tasting the wines, Sophie Thorpe reports on the remarkable year and the wines it produced

On the back of our deep-dive into Bordeaux’s 2022 vintage, tasting and talking, here’s everything you need to know about the year’s remarkable wines

Bordeaux 2022 vintage overview

Bordeaux 2022: vintage overview

Jeremy Carteret

Bourgogne

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