The most famous vineyard in Argentina is named after Dr Adrianna Catena, who is the youngest daughter of pioneering vigneron Nicolás Catena Zapata. As well as her viticultural endeavours at Catena Zapata and her partnership with Alejandro Vigil as co-founder of the cult Argentine winery El Enemigo, she is a practicing historian.  Her area of interest is the 15th and 16th century Americas – a time when wine (and the vine) were first introduced to the continent following the Spanish conquest. The pivotal role of wine in Catholic ritual, and the dangers associated with drinking fresh water, she believes, would shape the development of wine production in the Americas. For Catena, the intimate relationship between wine and water continues to play a central role in shaping Mendoza’s social landscape.  The history of water and wine in South America is a fascinating topic for Catena. Although her PhD thesis focused on the trade in indigo dye from the Americas to Europe, her attachment to wine – as well as the very real concerns of water scarcity in Mendoza – are subjects important to her as a historian and as a vigneron. Through the Catena Institute of Wine (CIW), the Catena Zapata winery has pioneered research in viticulture across a broad rand of topics. It includes ground-breaking work on terroir, ageability, and soil biodiversity, as well as in depth studies on extreme elevation vine growing in a context of changing climatic conditions – but some of their most pressing work centres around water preservation.  “Water preservation is one of our most important areas of research today,” says Catena. “Organic farming is easier in the very dry climate of Mendoza, than in Bordeaux, where higher rainfall and relative humidity mean vineyards will be more susceptible to fungal diseases – for us, when it comes to a sustainable future and regenerative farming, water preservation is key.” Catena Zapata’s head viticulturalist Luis Reginato is nicknamed “the water guy” at Catena – such is his obsession.  “He’s always trialing new, experimental ways to save water.” But she notes, the region has a long successful history of water management for Reginato to tap into. “The irrigation systems developed by the native Huarpe people before the arrival of Europeans were key to successful agriculture in the region, and these systems are still in use today,” says Catena.  For centuries, irrigation channels and aqueducts have diverted water from the Andes mountains to terrace lower Andes farmlands, bringing fresh drinking water to the cities. The Incas, Catena says, whose power extended briefly to this region, were quite unique among early modern empires in the quality of their nutrition and a notable absence of famine – made possible by terraced agriculture on the Andean slopes and complex irrigation systems.  While advanced water networks had been essential to pre-Hispanic and later colonial agriculture, Europeans treated drinking water with caution. “Up until the last century, it was a common belief that water, especially in exotic or tropical regions, could be bad for your health,” says Catena. “Contaminated water could (and can still) kill you and was considered extremely dangerous.” Wine in many parts of Europe (and the Americas, following the Spanish conquest) along with ales and beer, was often considered a safer option. Where they felt there was no access to clean water, wine became an essential part of the diet.  Wine was a key European import in the early days of the Spanish conquest, notes Catena. And for the Spaniards, it was not without its health benefits. “During this period, medicine was humoral, people believed everything you ingested would affect your mood, health, and disposition,” she explains. “In one claim from the time, ‘vino‘ (wine) came from the word ’vena‘ (vein) – it was considered nourishing, and closely resembles blood and was associated with this. Some believed it fortified the veins.”  But, as Catena explains, wine was more than a health benefit for the conquistador. “Wine was also an essential symbol of Christianity and Christianity was a moving force in the Spanish conquest.” The conquest of Mexico would roughly coincide with the start of Luther’s Reformation.  The Spanish, for their part, wanted to secure a triumph for Catholicism, and in the inhabitants of the new world, saw millions of souls to fill their ranks against the Protestants. “It was the conquistador’s mission,” she says. “Behind the conquest was a big effort to convert the native population.” Catena explains how wine – as with wheat – was a highly symbolic food for Christianity, representing the blood of Christ.  “If you are trying to convert an entire native population to Catholicism, rituals will be fundamental,” she says. Wine had always held a central role in religious ritual and was key to the religious side of the Conquest. Conquistadors, she explains, had to build a church on their land after being awarded territory by the Crown for their service – and they were also made responsible for converting the indigenous population. “In this quest, as one historian put it, to advance the religious and territorial conquest – the two basic foods the Spanish needed were wheat and wine.” Initially, all wine was imported from Europe, but vines were swiftly introduced and acclimated. By the 1570s vineyards had been planted all over South America, albeit under strict regulations. Priests, for example, were allowed to plant vineyards – but there was a lot of legislation over who could and couldn’t grow grapes. By the 1570s vineyards had been planted all over the Americas.  For health, religious and cultural reasons, everyone drank wine in 16th and 17th century South America – it was part of the diet, explains Catena. But as the influence of humoral medicine waned following the Enlightenment – and better sanitation practices were discovered – the perceived symbolic benefits of wine declined. As the population grew exponentially in the 19th century, so did wine production in Argentina. Italian and Spanish immigrants arrived on the continent, leaving behind their famine-stricken homelands. “Wine consumption reached extraordinary levels,” says Catena, “particularly with the development of the railways.” This new technology enabled the speedy, efficient transportation of wine from producing regions to the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires. Nicola Catena was one such immigrant, who arrived in Mendoza in 1898 at the age of 17, planting his first vineyard in 1902. A native of Le Marche, from a family of vinegrowers, it was not so surprising that Catena went into wine production.  While Mendoza is much like a desert with very little rainfall (between 200 and 400 mm per year), the irrigation channels developed by the indigenous Huarpe people (a nation periodically under Inca rule), were used to divert snow melt from the Andes, enabling farmers to flood farmland when required, making viticulture possible. By the time Nicola’s son Domingo Catena took over, the family had become renowned winemakers in Mendoza. In more modern times, wine and water’s relationship has changed considerably. Wine in many instances has become a luxury and no longer an essential part of the diet – although Catena says that culturally wine remains a common sight at every meal in Argentina.  Under the guardianship of Nicolás Catena and now his daughter Laura, Catena Zapata has become among a growing number of quality-led producers in Mendoza whose wines compete with the finest in the world. Their top wines – Mundus Bacillus Terrae and Nicolás Catena – led the charge in putting Mendoza on the fine wine map. Water too is no longer viewed with as much caution, but nor is it taken for granted. It barely rains at all in Mendoza – with the region effectively a high-altitude desert. Without snowmelt from the mountains, agriculture here would be impossible, but glacial reserves in Argentina are decreasing. With climate change, water in these parts will no longer be simply available at the turn of a tap. “The preservation of water has become an important concern of winemaking in Mendoza. This is one of the most urgent questions for our region today,” says Catena. Ongoing research at Catena includes many water-saving experiments. “More than a decade ago we transitioned all our vineyards from the traditional, but wasteful system of flood irrigation, to drip irrigation. Since then, we’ve created reservoirs to capture rainwater, and set up water stations to measure and restrict irrigation to the bare minimum in our family vineyards.” For Catena, “these small changes can have a large and lasting impact.” The goal at Catena is to manage a regenerative and sustainable agricultural cycle. Catena notes how the Incas were able to transform their environment without causing irreparable damage to it. “We can inhabit this earth without being parasitical,” she says. As members of a larger viticultural community, Catena hopes to share the lessons it has learned from its research, to enable this region that has been shaped by water and wine to continue making high-quality wine centuries from now. Optimistically she says, “We believe we are at a tipping point, and the mindset is gathering momentum here more than ever before.” Since wine was introduced to the continent in the 16th century, there have been huge cultural changes. But the irrigation systems that allowed those first vines to grow remain in use, feeding the countless vineyards, often centuries old. Without water, there will be no wine. With Argentinian wine so popular around the world today, a lot rides on Catena Zapata’s research. The hope is that they can lead the charge, shaping a bright future for this region. Browse all listings from Catena Zapata and El Enemigo or read more Editorial 

Dr Adrianna Catena – of Catena Zapata and El Enemigo – is not just a winemaker, but a practicing historian. We sat down with her to talk about how wine shaped South America’s social landscape and how water conservation and sustainable irrigation practices will secure its future.

Dr Adrianna Catena from Catena Zapata and El Enemigo on the historical importance of water and wine in the Americas.

Talking to historian and vigneron Adrianna Catena

How water and wine shaped a civilisation: Adrianna Catena

Alcuni dei primi ricordi di Nicolas Champagneux riguardano la vita tra le vigne – il trambusto della vendemmia con i suoi nonni. Non è la fatica che ricorda, ma “des bons moments de famille”, mi racconta – lo spirito conviviale che pervadeva l’aria. È cresciuto nel cuore della Côte-Rôtie, trascorrendo fine settimana e vacanze nel vigneto di famiglia – un’ampia porzione di Les Grandes Places, un sito rinomato nel comune di Verenay, dove il suo bisnonno piantò le viti all’inizio del XX secolo. 
 Les Grandes Places è un sito straordinario – il produttore più famoso è probabilmente Jean-Michel Gérin. Nella parte nord della Côte Brune, in un anfiteatro esposto a sud-ovest, questo pendio scosceso ha suoli friabili di mica scistosa che permettono alle radici delle viti di penetrare profondamente nella roccia madre. È casa di alcune viti molto vecchie – come quelle centenarie coltivate da Champagneux – e produce vini di grande eleganza ma con una potenza scura e carnosa. Champagneux possiede quasi due ettari qui, detenendo le maggiori superfici. 
 Lo zio di Nicolas, André, prese in gestione il vigneto dopo i nonni, mentre suo padre Gérard andò a lavorare in fabbrica. All’epoca non c’erano abbastanza risorse per permettere a entrambi i fratelli di unirsi all’attività di famiglia, e la Côte-Rôtie non era così ricercata come oggi. A parte un paio di barrique per consumo personale, la famiglia non vinificava, coltivando il sito e vendendo quasi tutta l’uva a Guigal, uno dei nomi più famosi del Rodano settentrionale. 
 Infatti, oltre al vigneto di famiglia, Nicolas trascorse molto tempo da Guigal – dopo che suo padre Gérard lasciò la fabbrica per dirigere il loro team di viticoltura. Dai 16 anni, Nicolas lavorava lì durante le vacanze per guadagnare un po’ di soldi. Quando compì 18 anni, dovette trovarsi un lavoro: era deciso a non lavorare in ufficio e amava stare all’aria aperta, così finì per diventare elettricista ad alta tensione – lavorando con correnti di 20.000 volt. “Non eri mai nello stesso posto, ogni giorno era diverso, ogni compito era diverso – quindi non c’era monotonia”, racconta. Spesso finiva presto la giornata e – contadino nato e cresciuto, poco incline al concetto di riposo – andava ad aiutare nel vigneto di famiglia. Quando suo zio morì, non c’era nessun altro che potesse prendere in mano il domaine – così decise di farlo lui, determinato a preservare l’eredità familiare. Scelse di tenere l’uva e iniziare a produrre vino con il nome di famiglia, desideroso di vedere gli sforzi dell’anno racchiusi in bottiglia. Sapeva come lavorare le vigne ma non aveva mai sognato di diventare vignaiolo – tuttavia, senza lasciarsi scoraggiare dalla sfida, imparò sul campo. Era il 2014, e i suoi vini si sono rapidamente guadagnati una reputazione nella regione. La cantina di famiglia aveva l’essenziale, ma le prime annate furono realizzate con il minimo indispensabile – con una nuova cantina costruita nel 2016 (Yves Cuilleron ha fornito consulenza al progetto). 
 Quasi un decennio dopo aver lasciato il mondo di tralicci, trasformatori e conduttori, la vita può seguire un ciclo annuale, ma resta tutt’altro che monotona. Nicolas lavora da solo e apprezza l’indipendenza che ciò comporta – gestendo il proprio tempo ed essendo il proprio capo. “C’è ancora molto da fare e ogni anno è diverso”, mi dice. Sperando che un giorno suo figlio si unisca a lui – nato nel 2009, suo zio mise da parte una riserva di vino di quell’annata, parte della quale verrà rilasciata per il suo 20º compleanno nel 2029. 
 Il cambiamento climatico è in cima ai suoi pensieri, con vendemmie ora a inizio settembre e persino agosto, rispetto a ottobre ai tempi dello zio. Se prima faticavano a raggiungere il 13% di alcol potenziale, oggi i suoi vini si attestano spesso al 14-14,5%. Ora lavora con inerbimento, defoglia meno e utilizza una piccola parte di grappolo intero negli anni più caldi per preservare la freschezza dei vini. Per il resto, poco è cambiato nel decennio da quando ha iniziato – continua a lavorare nel modo più semplice possibile, cercando di tradurre in vino le vigne tra cui è cresciuto. Ed è esattamente ciò che fa: i vini sono eleganti espressioni di Les Grandes Places, profumati e setosi, con un fine grip tannico e una salinità sapida sottostante, invecchiando magnificamente – come ha mostrato una mini verticale delle annate 2015, 2016 e 2017. I vini di Nicolas Champagneux 
 Dalle sue quattro ettari di vigne, Nicolas Champagneux produce tre vini: un IGP Vin de Pays des Collines Rhodaniennes La Rémise e due Côte-Rôtie, Les Grandes Places e La Dédicace, tutti realizzati al 100% con Syrah. 
 La Dédicace proviene dalle viti più giovani di Les Grandes Places, con una “modesta” età media di 40-60 anni. Circa 6.000-7.000 bottiglie vengono prodotte di questo “baby” Grandes Places. 
 Les Grandes Places proviene invece dalle viti più antiche, con una media di poco superiore ai 100 anni, alcune piantate nel 1910. Solo circa 1.500 bottiglie vengono prodotte di questo vino ogni annata. 
 Entrambi i Côte-Rôtie sono vinificati esattamente nello stesso modo, per lo più diraspati con una piccola parte di grappolo intero aggiunta nelle annate più calde e fermentati con lieviti indigeni, raggiungendo un massimo di 28-30°C e restando sulle bucce per circa tre settimane. Il vino trascorre poi 20-24 mesi in vecchie botti prima dell’imbottigliamento. Nicolas Champagneux Côte-Rôtie Les Grandes Places: una degustazione verticale 
 2022 Côte-Rôtie Les Grandes Places: Pieno di intensità speziata – chiodi di garofano e cardamomo insieme a un tocco di pepe di Szechuan. Il palato offre una succosità lussureggiante, stratificata con frutta scura concentrata di ciliegia e un accenno di tapenade nera, con tannini avvolgenti e il tutto rinfrescato da una linea di vivace acidità. Un neonato ora, da avvicinare dal 2030. 
 2021 Côte-Rôtie Les Grandes Places: Un 2021 davvero notevole, equilibrato e potente, il Les Grandes Places di Champagneux ha bisogno di aria ma rivela gradualmente spezie di pepe e delicati fiori di violetta. C’è però potenza e corpo al palato – più di quanto ci si aspetterebbe dal naso elegante, con una fermezza sapida, tannini flessibili ma strutturati e acidità succosa. È scuro e meditativo, gotico nei suoi toni floreali struggenti, con un lungo finale salino e appetitoso. Da approcciare dal 2027. 
 2017 Côte-Rôtie Les Grandes Places: Il 2017 Les Grandes Places combina delicati aromi floreali con una nota ferrosa e sanguigna al naso, che introduce un palato stratificato di frutti di rovo. I tannini sono rotondi, morbidi e setosi, con un’acidità vivace che attraversa la frutta concentrata, mentre il lungo finale è profumato di pepe bianco e violette. 
 2016 Côte-Rôtie Les Grandes Places: Questo 2016 è in uno stato splendido. Incenso intenso si fonde con frutta dolce di ciliegia e un tocco di fumo al naso, conducendo a un palato in cui ci si immerge – il vino è morbido e flessuoso, con onde di frutta dolce, ma il tutto tagliato da un bordo salino e sapido. Fresco e perfettamente equilibrato, da decantare e godere ora e per il prossimo decennio. 
 2015 Côte-Rôtie Les Grandes Places: Il più austero della trilogia 2015, 2016 e 2017, questa è un’annata potente e impressionante di Les Grandes Places – con tutte le migliori caratteristiche dell’anno. Il vino è scuro e profondo, compatto e ancora sorprendentemente primario, con profumi di ciliegia nera e mora. Al palato mostra però una purezza e un’intensità straordinarie, con una qualità cristallina della frutta, abbondante acidità a bilanciare la concentrazione e tannini fermi. Note affumicate e saline persistono in bocca, con un accenno di petali floreali nel finale. Da decantare se aperto ora, ma sarà ancora migliore se saprete aspettare qualche anno. 
 Esplora tutte le attuali etichette di Nicolas Champagneux, incluse varie annate precedenti, o leggi di più sul Rodano.

Sono passati quasi dieci anni da quando Nicolas Champagneux ha preso in mano le vigne di famiglia e ha iniziato a produrre vino con il suo nome, diventando la prima generazione a farlo. Abbiamo incontrato il vignaiolo per scoprire di più sulla sua storia e sul percorso intrapreso finora.

How the talented young vigneron in Cote-Rotie has taken his family’s legacy and created a new domaine that is one of the Rhone’s most exciting 

Nicolas Champagneux – building on his birthright 

Nicolas Champagneux: costruire sul suo diritto di nascita

Just over 25 years ago, French fashion house CHANEL entered into the world of fine wine, purchasing the largely underperforming Margaux Second Growth estate Château Rauzan-Ségla. Two years later they acquired the Saint-Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé, Château Canon. They have since turned these properties into two of the most in-demand fine wines in Bordeaux today. In 2019 CHANEL embraced their latest endeavour, acquiring Domaine de l’Ile, a prestigious wine estate on the French riviera on the exclusive island of Porquerolles, the largest of the “golden” islands just off the Côte d'Azur. Sharing the same philosophy as their sister wineries, they have invested in a stellar winemaking team at the Domaine, enlisting the help of Pierre Etcheberry and celebrated winemaker Nicolas Audebert (of Châteaux Rauzan-Ségla and Canon). Nicolas Audebert is in fact a local to the region, born and raised in the nearby port city and naval base of Toulon. We caught up with him to discuss returning to his roots in Provence and to find out what makes this idyllic island so well-suited to fine wine production. “I was born in Toulon. My father was a naval officer, so we used to travel a lot, living in different countries, but we would always return to Provence. Porquerolles is a very special place to me as we would spend time sailing there with friends and family.  Probably my strongest memory of when we were kids is sailing with my family and spending nights “au mouillage” on the Notre Dame beach. My brother and I would wake up early in the morning with a mission:  buying some bread in the village. We would spend the whole morning walking on the back trails, discovering the island and its incredible nature, guided by the eucalyptus perfume to finally reach the Place d’Armes, where the bakery is. By the time we were back on the boat, it was lunchtime.  As a child, Porquerolles was the epitome of nature and freedom.   My travels and the great outdoors are part of my DNA, that’s why I decided to study Agronomy and then Oenology in Montpellier. Winemaking took me to Champagne, South America, Bordeaux... Today, coming back to Porquerolles is like coming back to my roots - and making wine there is the icing on the cake.”  The history of Domaine de l’Ile The island of Porquerolles is a place of idyllic beauty with a fascinating history. First inhabited in 1820, the island was largely destroyed by a devastating fire at the end of the 19th Century, before being auctioned off in 1910. The island was acquired in its entirety by François Joseph Fournier, who as Nicolas explains, “was a man of many lives”; the son of a poor Belgian boatman, he became fabulously rich thanks to his discovery of the largest seam of gold ever found in Mexico. Fournier was the sole bidder in the auction of the island, which was a wedding gift to his wife, Sylvia. They actually established vines on the island almost immediately, planting vineyards on different strategic plains of Porquerolles. Under their visionary and watchful eye, the island reclaimed its agricultural character. It sprung back to life; an oasis in the middle of the Mediterranean. The vines populated its gentle slopes and fuelled the chatter in the village. The vineyards were in fact some of the first in the region to be classified as Côtes de Provence, due to the quality of the wine produced. In 1957, the island was divided up between the four Fournier daughters; each one received a plain. Progressively, three of them sold their inheritance to the French government, but Lélia Le Ber (neé Fournier), fought to keep her land and replanted vines on the Brégançonnet plain.  She passed on the estate to her son, Sébastien Le Ber, who managed the family business before entrusting the site to CHANEL, opening a new chapter in the story of Domaine de l’Ile.  From the Classed Growths of Margaux and Saint-Emilion to Provence Asked why CHANEL decided to invest in a new winery, and in particular in Domaine de l’Ile, Nicolas explains that it was "love at first sight" with this island vineyard in the heart of Provence, its special terroir, the Le Ber’s philosophy of Porquerolles and their unique history. “As we took over Domaine de l’Ile in early 2019, Pierre Etcheberry joined the estate’s team as Vineyard Manager. Pierre has an Agricultural Engineering degree and spent three years at Château La Fleur in Bordeaux as Assistant Technical Director.  At Domaine de l’Ile he is now in charge of the winemaking, vine growing and day-to-day management. Pierre stays in touch closely with the teams in Bordeaux, and they visit regularly whenever their support is needed.”   In the vineyard The individual parcels of Domaine de l’Ile were delimited and planted in 1957. While Porquerolles shares similarities with Provençal rosé in terms of the soils and climate, it remains unique because of the insularity specificities, explains Nicolas. “Being an island, Porquerolles has a unique ecosystem: vines grow on orogenic schist bedrock and clay soils, vines are surrounded by wild and protected fragrant flora, under a warm Mediterranean climate and are exposed to fresh saline winds.  The unique environment of the vineyard has a real influence on Porquerolles wines. Surrounded by the sea, growing on an exceptional soil under seasonal high temperatures and exposed to salty winds, the Porquerolles vines produce wines of character with a fresh tension and saline notes. Pine trees, eucalyptus and wild flowers frame our parcels, this very rich naturally odorous environment finds its illustration in our wines, in delicate flavours.” “The blend of grapes in the Domaine de l’Ile rosé is made up of Grenache, Mouvèdre, Cinsault, Syrah and Tibouren.” For Nicolas, these traditional Mediterranean grape varieties express all the uniqueness and insularity of the Domaine de l’Ile wines. “On dry and stony soils, enduring the wind, gorged with sun, the Grenache brings generosity to the blend, a reminder of the sweetness of local life. The Mourvèdre likes to watch the sea. It affirms all its character here and adds its grains of spice. A window opens on the pine forest. The white flesh fruits of Cinsault combine with the freshness and crispness of Syrah. As for the Tibouren, authentic Provençal, it is at home here, deploying its nobility on these shale soils.”  Life on Porquerolles The idyllic picture postcards of the island don’t lie; Porquerolles is exceptionally beautiful. Such landscapes are due to its protection, conservation and very real isolation. During summer, thousands of visitors discover the good life of Porquerolles, exploring the local restaurants, community and the beautiful coastline by walking, biking or sailing. But once the high tourist season ends, nature takes back its rights. Spring is sweet but autumn and winter can be difficult. To live on Porquerolles is a real philosophy of life, a desire of being out of “the continent”, a place where time flows slowly.  Finally, we asked Nicolas’ thoughts on rosé wine more generally and where and when best to enjoy it. “Rosé is the traditional wine of Provence, a region that has nothing left to prove. It designates wines of incredible diversity that can be found on the most prestigious restaurant wine lists all around the world.  From the ones to be enjoyed between friends over a simple supper, to some brilliant and complex expressions of terroir paired with more elaborate menus. For me, when spring begins to bloom, and temperatures rise, opening a bottle of a rosé wine offers you a promise, a foretaste of the coming summer. And in autumn, or even in winter, it will put a smile on your face, as an opportunity to remember the joy and pleasure of the long-gone summertime. Ultimately rosé is the ideal summer wine to share at the end of warm days." Browse Editorial

We speak to winemaker Nicolas Audebert about Domaine de l'Ile, CHANEL's latest wine venture on the island of Porquerolles, just off the Côte d'Azur

Winemaker Nicolas Audebert on Domaine de l'Ile, CHANEL's latest wine venture on the island of Porquerolles, just off the Côte d'Azur

Domaine de l'Ile, CHANEL's latest wine venture

Nicolas Audebert returns to his roots with Domaine de l'Ile

I Thienpont regnano sulla Rive Droite di Bordeaux. A Vieux Château Certan, Alexandre Thienpont – quasi sempre vestito con il suo Barbour – comanda, producendo Pomerol di immacolata genealogia, come la sua famiglia fa ormai da oltre un secolo. Poco distante, il cugino Jacques Thienpont tiene corte a Le Pin, il primo indirizzo cult di Pomerol. Nicolas Thienpont è un altro cugino il cui dominio si estende da Saint-Emilion – da Pavie Macquin e Larcis Ducasse fino a diverse tenute nella Côte des Francs. E la dinastia continua a crescere, mentre ogni ramo di questa complessa famiglia trova un nuovo angolo della regione da padroneggiare. 
 La famiglia fiamminga ha una lunga storia nel mondo del vino, commerciando vino francese (soprattutto Bordeaux) dal 1842. Georges Thienpont – nonno di Jacques, Alexandre e Nicolas) fu il primo a passare alla produzione, acquistando Ch. Troplong Mondot nel 1921, poi Vieux Château Certan nel 1924. Tuttavia, non passò molto tempo prima che arrivasse la Grande Depressione, e Georges Thienpont fu costretto a vendere Troplong Mondot nel 1934. A quanto pare, l’unico motivo per cui mantenne Vieux Château Certan fu che nessuno voleva comprarlo – con le vigne che all’epoca esercitavano scarso fascino. Fu il château stesso a Troplong Mondot, posizionato nel punto più alto della regione e con vista sul villaggio di Saint-Emilion, a permettergli di vendere la tenuta di Saint-Emilion. Georges continuò a produrre vino durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale e la devastante gelata del 1956. Nonostante un inizio difficile, “VCC” (come è affettuosamente noto dagli amanti del vino) è diventato uno dei nomi di punta di Bordeaux. Fu però Jacques Thienpont a portare la famiglia decisamente sotto i riflettori. Fu nel 1979 che Jacques, allora ancora commerciante di vini in Belgio, acquistò un vigneto di 1,6 ettari a Pomerol. Il sito aveva prodotto Pomerol generico, ma Jacques iniziò a realizzare minuscoli volumi di vino dallo stile opulento, chiamandolo come il pino solitario (“le pin”) che si ergeva sulla proprietà. L’annata 1982 fu determinante, ricevendo notevoli consensi dalla critica – soprattutto da Robert Parker – e presto Le Pin divenne uno dei vini più desiderati al mondo. 
 Poco più di 30 anni dopo quel primo acquisto di vigneto, parve destino quando Jacques andò a vedere una parcella di terreno a Saint-Emilion proprio accanto a Troplong Mondot. Precedentemente conosciuta come Ch. Haut-Plantey, il potenziale del sito era chiaro a Jacques e la simmetria dei Thienpont che tornavano dove era iniziata l’eredità vinicola della loro famiglia sembrava appropriata. Acquistò la proprietà nel 2010 e mise Cyrille Thienpont (suo cugino di primo grado una volta rimosso) a capo della gestione quotidiana. In linea con il tema arboreo, chiamò l’impresa di Saint-Emilion L’If (il tasso). 
 Il primo progetto intrapreso dal team fu una mappa dettagliata dei suoli per comprendere a fondo il sito. La cantina si trova a Saint-Laurent-des-Combes, appena a est di Troplong Mondot, con cinque ettari di vigneto intorno e altri due ettari di vigne esposte a ovest vicino a Saint-Hippolyte. Le parcelle più basse sono più erose e sabbiose, ma gran parte del vigneto poggia su puro calcare e argilla. Si misero a ristrutturare il vigneto – eliminando il 5% di Cabernet Sauvignon e aumentando la quota di Cabernet Franc, con circa il 25% sull’intera proprietà oggi (qualsiasi nuovo impianto è stato fatto con una selezione massale da Pavie Macquin). 
 Nel 2013, Jacques acquistò un altro ettaro circa di vigne a Saint-Etienne-de-Lisse, proprio accanto a Ch. Puy-Blanquet. Nonostante la qualità dei suoli, Jacques era esitante a comprare una parcella così “lontana”, ben tre chilometri in linea d’aria – o circa 10 minuti di auto. Estirparono le viti e reimpiantarono questa parcella aggiuntiva, raccogliendo i primi frutti nel 2018. Nonostante la sua giovane età, l’uva della parcella è entrata nel blend finale di ogni annata di L’If dal 2020 (“Ne è valsa la pena del viaggio,” scherza Cyrille). Anche con il significativo reimpianto e questa nuova parcella, l’età media delle vigne dell’azienda è di circa 40 anni – con le più vecchie oltre i 60 anni. 
 I lavori per una nuova cantina sono terminati appena in tempo per la vendemmia 2023, consentendo maggiore precisione e flessibilità – con più spazio di manovra (e 16 tini in cemento per i loro otto ettari di vigne). Ci si potrebbe aspettare un edificio appariscente, magari firmato da un architetto famoso – ma non è nello stile dei Thienpont. La discrezione è tutto per questa famiglia – e la cantina è una replica quasi esatta di ciò che c’era prima, semplicemente con più spazio all’interno, progettata per una funzionalità semplice. In un angolo si trova un serbatoio in acciaio inox altrimenti anonimo – il primo che Jacques acquistò per Le Pin nel 1979. Era forse inevitabile che L’If stesse all’ombra di Le Pin. Ma ora, 15 anni dopo l’acquisto della tenuta da parte di Jacques Thienpont, con una nuova cantina e il significativo lavoro nei vigneti completato, L’If sta costruendo una propria reputazione. 
 Sebbene lo stesso team sia in gran parte coinvolto in entrambe le tenute, L’If è un sito e un vino totalmente diversi. I suoli freschi hanno una migliore capacità di ritenzione idrica e il germogliamento avviene circa 10 giorni più tardi che a Le Pin, con le sue ghiaie calde e ben drenanti – un divario che spesso si amplia con l’avanzare della stagione vegetativa, il che significa che qui la vendemmia è significativamente più tardiva. Diana Berrouet Garcia – che funge da Direttrice Generale per i Domaines Jacques Thienpont, inclusi sia Le Pin che L’If – osserva come a L’If il terroir sembri parlare più forte dell’annata e riesca ad adattarsi meglio a condizioni più impegnative, mentre a Le Pin le viti possono faticare – soprattutto negli anni caldi e siccitosi. Dove Le Pin è rotondo, suadente ed esotico, L’If è lineare, teso e minerale; uno sensuale e sferico, l’altro appena dal lato giusto del severo, con una qualità cristallina. Anche negli ultimi anni, è sorprendente come il vino stia evolvendo – tallonando Le Pin in termini di qualità. Riassaggiando il 2019, è sorprendentemente accessibile, con un naso profumato e un frutto succoso e puro che completa la tensione naturale del vino. 
 Sono ancora giorni relativamente iniziali per L’If – e il team ha investito in modo significativo, concentrandosi sul modellare il vigneto e sull’assicurarsi di avere in cantina gli strumenti per tradurre il lavoro in vigna. Per ora, oltre metà del vigneto viene utilizzata per il second vin, Les Collines d’If – qualcosa che cambierà col tempo, man mano che continuano a reimpiantare parcelle. A quanto pare, i tassi crescono incredibilmente lentamente – ma sono anche tra gli alberi più longevi (il Perthshire in Scozia ospita il tasso di Fortingall, che si pensa abbia 2.000–3.000 anni ed è uno degli alberi più antichi d’Europa). La famiglia Theinpont si sta appena insediando a L’If, ma mentre mette radici, il potenziale è chiaro. 
 La famiglia Thienpont: chi fa cosa? Jacques Thienpont: Possiede Le Pin, L’If e L’Hêtre (quest’ultimo con sua sorella Anne de Raeymaeker), ma è anche comproprietario di Vieux Château Certan. Sovrintende all’originaria attività di commercio di vini della famiglia in Belgio, la Thienpont Wine, detentrice del Royal Warrant belga, gestita da sua moglie e premiata scrittrice di vino Fiona Morrison MW. 
 Alexandre Thienpont: Comproprietario e direttore di Vieux Château Certan con suo figlio, Guillaume, oltre a essere comproprietario di Le Pin con Jacques. Alexandre e Guillaume coltivano anche le vigne di Le Pin, L’If e L’Hêtre, oltre a quelle di Vieux Château Certan. 
 Guillaume Thienpont: Gestisce Vieux Château Certan con il padre, Alexandre, oltre a produrre L’Etoile e Les Fillottes con il suo cugino di secondo grado, François Thienpont. Gestisce anche ora Ch. Guillot-Clauzel, che non è di proprietà della famiglia. 
 François Thienpont: Gestisce il negocio di famiglia, Wings, oltre a produrre L’Etoile e Les Fillottes con Guillaume Thienpont ed è comproprietario sia di Vieux Château Certan sia di Ch. Puygueraud. 
 Nicolas Thienpont: Possiede e/o gestisce un gruppo di tenute con suo figlio Cyrille: Pavie Macquin, Larcis Ducasse, La Prade, Laclaverie, Charmes Godard e Puygueraud. 
 Cyrille Thienpont: Possiede e gestisce il gruppo di proprietà di Nicolas Thienpont con suo padre, oltre a dirigere e produrre il vino a L’If. 
 Ci sono molti altri membri della famiglia Thienpont coinvolti nel vino, ma questi sono i più importanti al momento della stesura. 
 Esplora tutte le offerte attuali di L’If o leggi di più su Bordeaux

Le Pin è uno dei vini più famosi al mondo, ma è solo uno dei progetti della famiglia Thienpont. Analizziamo la dinastia ed esploriamo l'evoluzione di L'If, la tenuta di Saint-Émilion che si sta affermando come uno dei nomi più interessanti della regione.

Jacques Thienpont created cult Pomerol wine estate Le Pin in 1979, but now he’s got a new project in Saint-Emilion, Bordeaux: L’If 

Exploring L’If: Le Pin’s Saint-Emilion sibling 

Alla scoperta di L’If: il fratello di Le Pin, Saint-Emilion

What springs to mind when you think of Bordeaux? Probably châteaux the size of medieval palaces, formal dinners, and rows and rows of pristine vines, neatly manicured rose bushes the only other signs of plant life. What you’re unlikely to be imagining are cow horns stuffed with manure buried in the ground, or horse-drawn ploughs churning through earthworm-rich soil. ‘In the past, in Bordeaux, you were scared to say you were growing biodynamically,’ says Corinne Comme, who manages 10ha of biodynamic vines at Château du Champ des Treilles in Entre-Deux-Mers with her husband Jean-Michel. ‘Now it’s trendy.’ An engineer and geologist, Jean-Michel Comme was behind the first transition of a grand cru classé estate on Bordeaux’s Left Bank to biodynamics. Although he and Corinne first came across the concept in the mid-1990s, he didn’t begin to advocate for the approach at Château Pontet-Canet in Pauillac until the early 2000s. ‘Corinne was scared,’ he recalls. ‘She thought they would fire me.’ "Behind the more esoteric elements is a series of principles that have been shown to improve soil health and vine strength" Originally laid out in a series of lectures by Austrian philosopher, scientist and social reformer Rudolf Steiner in 1924, biodynamic farming emerged as a holistic approach to agriculture before quickly evolving into formal certification movements. At its core, biodynamic farming centres on soil health and biodiversity; most distinctively, it operates according to the lunar calendar, with practitioners timing agricultural activities around specific ‘fruit days’, ‘root days’, ‘leaf days’ and ‘flower days’ to align with cosmic rhythms believed to influence plant growth and agricultural processes. For many in Bordeaux – Jean-Michel Comme included – this all sounded a bit wacky. ‘I was young, full of expectations about chemistry; the way biodynamics was presented was so remote that I felt it was crazy,’ Comme says. ‘But with experience, we did change our minds.’ Why? Because behind the more esoteric elements is a series of principles that have been shown to improve soil health and vine strength. In vineyards, biodynamic farming means specific practices such as hand-harvesting, using natural composts made with specific herbal and mineral preparations, avoiding chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and treating the entire vineyard as a self-sustaining ecosystem. In the cellar, there’s an emphasis on minimal intervention, using native yeasts, avoiding commercial additives, keeping sulphur use to under 70ppm, and employing gentle pressing and ageing techniques that respect the wine’s natural development. While biodynamics took root in regions like the Loire and Burgundy in the 1990s, biodynamic winemaking in Bordeaux largely began in the new millennium, with just two early St-Emilion exceptions: Château Meylet, which has been practising it since 1987, and Château Fonroque, experimenting since 1995 with direction from Loire legend Nicolas Joly. This delay largely stemmed from two factors. First, Bordeaux’s humid maritime climate means that vines are especially vulnerable to both downy and powdery mildew, making the avoidance of synthetic fungicides a risky business. Second, large châteaux with multimillioneuro operations were reluctant to abandon the technological viticulture and winemaking that had built their global reputations in the first place. Comme, however, was convinced of the virtues of biodynamics. He began by seeking the assistance of François Bouchet. The Loire Valley winemaker was one of the first in France to pioneer biodynamics, also consulting for Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, Domaine Leroy and Domaine Leflaive in Burgundy. Bouchet guided the transition to biodynamics at Comme’s Château du Champ des Treilles; then, he persuaded Château Pontet-Canet owner Alfred Tesseron of its merits. In 2004, it was trialled on 15ha (about 20% of the estate’s total growing area) of the fifth growth at which Comme was also technical director. A severe mildew outbreak in 2007 led to the use of pesticides, undoing three years of progress, but it then became a crucial lesson that strengthened their long-term commitment to biodynamics. ‘They believed the fruit had more expression, more brightness,’ says the current technical director at Pontet-Canet, Mathieu Bessonnet, who reveals that they converted the whole of the growing area soon after. ‘It’s obviously much more difficult, time-consuming and expensive, so it was very risky,’ he adds. Since then, biodynamic farming has become a significant and growing practice across different classed growths in the region, with some of the most prestigious estates – such as Château Latour and Château Palmer – adopting biodynamic methods (the latter certified). ‘The link between the wines and the place where the fruit came from had become less and less obvious,’ says Château Palmer’s technical director Thomas Duroux, commenting on the region’s turn to the trend. He notes that, since the noughties, many have adopted organic practices in a bid to reverse this perceived drop in terroir definition. ‘Biodynamics is, in a way, the same story as organic farming, but with a larger vision,’ he adds. This shared perspective has led to more cooperation between practitioners. Every spring, the Médoc branch of the Biodynamic Agriculture Movement gathers at Château Ferrière. After unearthing a thousand manure-filled cow horns and replacing them with silica-filled ones (a process reversed in autumn to produce preparations 500 and 501, required for Demeter certification), participants share wines and gardengrown salads. The humus removed from the cow horns is stored in a cold, damp facility and made available to members. ‘We do that for free,’ says Claire Lurton, owner of Château Ferrière. ‘It’s a community.’ Though ‘community’ might be too strong a word for some, these gatherings symbolise a deepening professional exchange that has emerged among estates of all sizes through the practice of biodynamic winemaking. In fact, the shift among the classed growths has happened at the same time as these practices have been adopted by smaller growers arriving in the region. Christophe Landry of Château des Graviers, for example, returned to Arsac in the 1990s and began practising biodynamics around the same time as Comme at Pontet-Canet. He’s consulted for the Lurton estates and other properties. Originally from Minervois in Languedoc, Michel Théron established Clos du Jaugueyron nearby and has been certified biodynamic since 2008, while Laurence Alias and Pascale Choime – who are both from southwest France – established Closerie des Moussis, a patchwork of sites across 2ha, including a 170-year-old pre-phylloxera plot leased from Théron. On the Right Bank, other producers began switching lanes even earlier. Le Puy, owned by the Amoreau family, began practising in 1998, with certification since 2013, and Château Gombaude-Guillot in Pomerol has been certified biodynamic since 2006. While larger estates like Latour and Palmer collaborate on issues like mildew, smaller producers tend to engage more with one another. Shared biodynamic practices, however, are definitely helping to break down barriers. For example, Château Haut-Bages Libéral maintains regular communication with its neighbours at Château Latour, and the son of Théron at Clos du Jaugueyron interned at Château Palmer for two months. Can we speak of a unity of praxis? Not exactly. There is considerable variation in which aspects of biodynamics winemakers emphasise, regardless of estate size. The primary aim across the board is achieving living soil with rich biodiversity to promote deep-rooted vines. In pursuit of this, some winemakers emphasise tree growing or cover cropping (like Haut-Bages Libéral, which also recently planted a variety of local and fruit trees). Others, such as Le Puy, let nature take its course, allowing a diverse array of plants and flowers to sprout from the earth. Whether certified or not, biodynamic practitioners throughout Bordeaux use homeopathic treatments like nettle teas for the vines – they are believed to stimulate soil health, enhance plant immunity and improve nutrient uptake. More important than any of this, however, is the concept of energy. How can the energy of the plant be retained as its raw material transforms into wine? Every winemaker I visited was at least intrigued by the concept – and most were captivated. After a few days in the sometimes eerily flat Médoc, I drive through the verdant hills of St-Emilion to Le Puy, arriving with a raised spirit. Standing before a 5,000-year-old Celtic cromlech, Harold Langlais, the estate’s director, tells me, ‘Le Puy is a place of energy and life,’ pointing to its deep history as an intersection of water springs. At modern-day Le Puy, this philosophy extends from the vines to the cellar. Indeed, many others I speak to express that, since adopting biodynamics, the most striking change in their wines has been an increase in ‘energy’. It’s a term without a precise definition, but according to Château Palmer’s makers, something shifted with the 2015 vintage, the second year after full conversion. ‘You cannot measure it,’ Thomas Duroux says. ‘You can just feel it.’ At Château Durfort-Vivens, where the vineyard was operating under biodynamic principles by 2013 (with full conversion by 2016), owner Gonzague Lurton recalls the 2014 vintage as ‘the first where you really feel the energy of biodynamics’. It’s tactile and warming, with a sophisticated grip and charm. ‘It’s what I love – the linearity of tannins, never weak from start to finish. With many of the estates I visited, their wines showed an immediate appeal, vibrant even in their youth. Is energy just another way of describing freshness? Laurence Alias at Closerie des Moussis trained as an agricultural engineer; for her, energy and vitality are tied to the physical properties of grapes grown biodynamically. ‘We have more acidity, that’s an analytic fact,’ she tells me, standing in front of a newly acquired plot of vines bordered by forest. It might be romantic to think of energy as something ineffable, but it’s also rooted in what remains within the grapes. ‘Our idea of energy is based more on Einstein than Steiner,’ Langlais later qualifies. ‘Energy is matter.’ Biodynamic winemaking in Bordeaux: five to follow Château Pontet-Canet At the 55ha Pontet-Canet estate in Pauillac, an immensely smooth operation is palpable. Winemakers here have spent almost two decades honing their biodynamic craft, continually moving towards a goal of self-sufficiency for the estate. Sturdy Comtois horses, introduced in 2008, now work half the vineyard, preventing soil compaction. Vineyards are sprayed over a single day using compost and herbal teas produced from plants grown in and around the property and processed in the state-of-the-art infusion room. Biodiversity-boosting fruit trees and hedges have been planted. The estate even employs a carpenter who repurposes wood from vats used on the property. Ageing involves custom-made wooden eggs and qvevri-style amphorae, with no fining and minimal filtration. The result? A Pauillac with untypical levels of energy and minerality, and a plush, velvety texture. But it’s more than that – according to Bessonnet, thanks to a low-intervention approach across the board, ‘you can really feel the soil.’ Château Palmer Thomas Duroux’s conviction in biodynamics is based in what he calls a ‘holistic vision’. ‘We started to see the entire place as a living organism,’ he says of Château Palmer, one of the most storied and historically significant third-growth estates in Bordeaux. When converting (a process that started in 2009), the Margaux estate was initially guided by François Bouchet’s son Matthieu, but now it follows its own evolving philosophy, integrating cover crops, animals for fertilisation and estate-grown vegetables and meat. ‘It’s just going back to agricultural common sense,’ Duroux says. ‘That was the way to grow anything before World War II.’ This respect for nature results in wines that are deeply tied to their terroir. ‘If I had to describe the wines how they are today, compared to how they were before, I’ll just say that it’s not a revolution, but we have the feeling that the wines have a better identity,’ says Duroux. He likens biodynamics to restoring an old painting: ‘Suddenly, you see small details that you were not able to see because of the dust.’ The estate uses stainless-steel vats for fermentation and temperature-controlled rooms for barrel-ageing, combined with nativeyeast and low-sulphur winemaking, to produce its esteemed Alter Ego and Château Palmer cuvées; both have been increasingly celebrated among critics and drinkers since the turn to biodynamics. ‘We just think it does help to go a little bit further in the interpretation of the place,’ says Duroux. Château Durfort-Vivens Standing over a rustic sorting table explaining how it used to work, Gonzague Lurton is visibly passionate about the savoir-faire of the past. This sensibility is reflected in the current winemaking practices, too, and in the second-growth Margaux estate’s reputation (and critics’ scores) increasing year on year. The thing to emphasise is that what began with a biodynamic approach in the vineyards led to a series of domino effects that changed the character of the wines. In search of what Lurton calls greater ‘singularity’, the proportion of Cabernet Sauvignon had already risen to over 90% by 2014 (from around 75%); and with the use of indigenous yeasts during fermentation and the reduction of sulphur levels over time (initially sparked by Demeter’s upper limits of 70mg/l), the wines have become more aromatically complex and expressive. The introduction of amphorae by Italian producer Tava has allowed for microoxidation without overextraction, contributing to a more delicate balance of flavours, with the 2019 estate wine a blend aged one third in amphorae and the rest in barrel. ‘It’s not a big wine,’ says Lurton. ‘And it’s what I was looking for with biodynamics, in terms of style.’ Château des Graviers Christophe Landry’s pioneering status in Margaux stems from an instinct refined over decades at his own estate. He grows medicinal plants — horsetail, absinthe, calendula, chamomile — for vineyard treatments, as well as using the manure from his own cows. ‘What we need to remember is that biodynamics isn’t just a practice,’ he tells me. ‘It’s about finding your own path to self-sufficiency.’ His precision extends to the cellar, where he uses concrete tanks, amphorae and oak barrels (produced according to the biodynamic calendar) tailored to each of the five cépages’ oxygenation needs, then ages the wines for different lengths of time. Timing is everything, with harvest choices also following the biodynamic calendar. Obsessive care for the vines’ life cycles goes hand in hand with the level of precision in the cellar. The outcome is two phenomenal wines that are, as Landry puts it, ‘thirstquenching’. Château des Graviers and Quintessence — which contains a higher proportion of Petit Verdot and is aged longer in barrel and amphorae — are aromatically expressive, velvety and strikingly lively, with the latter offering more depth and an enveloping finish. Expanding to 18ha, Landry has also turned his focus to Clos Dufourg, cultivating vines on previously wild land nearby and hand-building a striking new cellar with cement tanks painted with clay from the surrounding earth. Le Puy For technical director Harold Langlais, the Le Puy estate’s significance lies in how it challenges Bordeaux’s conventional identity. Outside of the region’s traditional focus on appellations and classifications, Le Puy sits on a plateau near St-Emilion. The estate’s land is unusual, with no topsoil but a deep limestone bedrock beneath red-brown clay, which forces the vines to develop deep roots to access the earth’s natural water and nutrients. This is further supported by horse-ploughing and biodynamic sprays made from horsetail, buckthorn and nettles, which grow on the property. ‘Our approach focuses on rooting the vine deep,’ Langlais explains, ‘encouraging it to search out hidden nutrients.’ A vigorous wind circulates around the vines, and Langlais explains the effects of the elements. ‘The beauty of Le Puy is that it’s an acid factory. The whole place creates acidity in the berries.’ The biodynamic philosophy extends to the winemaking, with two different processes applied to their 100% Merlot cuvées. Cuvée Emilien uses a ‘decantation method’, or ‘fermentation by infusion’, while Barthélemy is produced with zero sulphites and a process of lees-stirring called ‘dynamisation’, which is done on fruit days and involves a specific motion to create a vortex in the old barrels it ages in. ‘Barthélemy is much more intense,’ Langlais says. ‘All the matter taken by the plant is in there.’

Written for Club Oenologique in 2025, Joel Hart visits Bordeaux to track the region’s belated embrace of biodynamic winemaking. While other French regions ploughed ahead, Bordeaux had its reasons for delayed adoption. Yet now the practice is booming, and Hart gauges its employment across estates.

Written for Club Oenologique, contributor Joel Hart visits Bordeaux to track the region’s belated embrace of biodynamic winemaking. 

Taking root: the rise of biodynamic winemaking in Bordeaux

We have unearthed an absolute gem in the guise of Rosso della Centa, a 100% Merlot wine grown on just one hectare of a distinct marl clay hillside in Friuli, Italy. The wine is the creation of one of Italy’s top winemakers Nicola Manferrari who first produced the wine in 1985 and has gone on to release it only in top vintages, producing just 1200 bottles per vintage. 

As we have managed to source a small parcel of Rosso della Centa 2010, we explore the history of this incredible and rare wine.  Friuli ranks highly among Italy’s finest regions for white wine production, producing some of the most vibrant, mineral, saline whites on the planet. The global reputation of the top wines of Friuli continues to grow, gaining fans throughout the world and firmly positioning it on the global fine wine map.   Whilst more famous for their white wines, top grower Nicola Manferrari has a very special one-hectare plot dedicated to red wine. On taking over the family vineyards in 1982, Nicola was not happy with the quality of wine coming from this Merlot site. So much so he took to studying French and French winemaking to learn the secrets of Bordeaux and then apply these techniques to his own wine, to get the best out of this unique site. He states that François Champagnol’s Elements de physiologie de la vigne was one of the most intellectually stimulating reads of his life. Nicola Manferrari is one of Friuli’s original trailblazers. Along with Mario Schiopetto, Josko Gravner and Silvio Jermann, Manferrari was just one of a handful of producers in the 1980s who had the vision and courage to follow his convictions.

He experimented with the 1982,’83 and '84 vintages before he was happy with the techniques he had adopted and, matched with the perfect weather, managed to produce something exceptional, releasing the inaugural Rosso della Centa in the 1985 vintage. Nicola was confident that he could create the first world-class red wine from the region and was not swayed by his neighbouring premium sites opting to plant Cabernet Sauvignon rather than Merlot. But for Nicola he believed the Merlot was perfect for the clay and collio marl soils in which Cabernet Sauvignon struggled.   The ’85 was a critical success, described by the critics as the "First Great Friuli Red". Other greats of the region include Enzo Pontoni of Miani fame and Christian Patat from Ronco del Gnemiz have followed in his footsteps making incredible Merlots from the Friuli region.
Nicola Manferrari continued to improve the wine buoyed by its critical acclaim, further reducing the yield, increasing the vine density (more than 7000 hectares per hectare), introducing shorter pruning techniques, using no fertiliser and complete grassing in the vineyards to improve the soil health. The wine is fermented in small 12 hl wooden vats and are matured in small oak barriques for four years. Only the finest vintages are released as Rosso della Centa. 
In the summer of last year Monica Larner (Wine Advocate) had the opportunity to taste some more recent vintages of Rosso della Centa. “Looking over my scores, I can't help but notice how consistent they are across vintages and varieties. Results like these are hard to achieve, but not at Borgo del Tiglio. She goes on to describe the ’06 as “musical and operatic in character… there is complete harmony and silkiness here in another gem from Borgo del Tiglio’s cellar”.

"Nicola Manferrari and his family have been working tirelessly since the 1982 vintage to become a benchmark for winemaking in Friuli Venezia Giulia." Monica Larner, Wine Advocate 

Larner did not have the opportunity to taste the mythical 2010 but we pulled a cork on it this week to find out how the wine has developed and we were blown away by the quality. This is a superb rendition retaining everything that is great about Italian wine – the acidity, freshness, dried floral notes and herbal spice along with all the greatest assets of fine Merlot – the rich expansive multi-layered tannins that provide tremendous depth on the palate and the rich mid-palate juiciness full of black fruits and now with age a beguiling leather and earthy savoury notes. The wine has tremendous energy whilst showing handsome tertiary development and to retain so much acidity in a grape that often lacks it underscores just how fantastic this wine is. 

Nicola believes this steep southwest slope of marl and sandstone is perfectly adapted for his old vine Merlot providing a marked elegance and complexity in his Rosso della Centa. The 2010 certainly reflects this and with only 1200 bottles produced virtually impossible to find. This is a unique parcel unlikely to be seen again and is entering into a beautiful drinking window. This wine is a piece of Italian winemaking history and one for any afficionado not to miss. 

It is always difficult to put fine wine into words but Nicola Manferrari’s philosophy outlined on his website gives possibly the greatest insight into this pioneering spirit of Friuli:
“I believe that in effect, the path I have followed has left its mark on the character of my wines which have, according to many, their own maker’s trademark. Over the last twenty years, I have transformed, studied and debunked certain common beliefs and have also overcome - while allowing plenty of room for the sacrilegious power of empirical observation – some of my own personal taboos. I have observed, researched and innovated in the face of hypocrisy and prejudice. 

"Often, however, while doing this I have unwittingly renewed ties with ways of the past which were interrupted by a modernity which had lost all sense and memory. It was probably my unorthodox approach to the world of wine that has guided my choices, meaning this also includes my checkered educational history; I was at the same time a child of scientific teachings and an orphan of technology. This has taught me to take absolutely nothing for granted, and the words of Galileo, which accompany me wherever I go, have taught me to be humble when facing all situations, and to be dignified when dealing with people.” 

Explore more Editorial

Whilst more famous for their white wines, one of Friuli's top growers, Nicola Manferrari, has a very special one-hectare plot dedicated to an incredible and rare world-class Merlot, Rosso della Centa Friuli 

We explore the history of the incredible and rare world-class Merlot Rosso della Centa Friuli 

Rosso della Centa, the first great Friuli red

Rosso della Centa: The first great Friuli red

Ogni novembre, il mondo del vino guarda alla Borgogna per l'asta degli Hospices de Beaune. Ci immergiamo nella storia di questa istituzione filantropica, della tenuta e dei vini che produce.

Explore the history of Burgundy’s Hotel-Dieu and Hospices de Beaune, its wine estate and the famous annual auction, the Vente des Vins

Your guide to the wines of the Hospices de Beaune

Tutto quello che c'è da sapere sugli Hospices de Beaune

Bordeaux 2020 is the third in a trilogy of outstanding vintages for the region – but, talking to producers, one thing is abundantly clear: the year was not easy. Covid-19 aside, the year’s unusual conditions demanded attention in the vineyard. “It was a marathon,” Noëmie Durantou Reilhac of Ch. l’Eglise Clinet told me. Nicolas Audebert of Chx Canon and Rauzan-Ségla was more frank: “It was a f***ing tough year.” “Extreme” is the word that comes up time and again. It was both wet and dry, mild and hot – a contradiction in terms throughout, demanding producers’ attention. As Jean-Sébastien Philippe at Lafite described it, 2020 was “un millésime de vigneron" (a winemaker’s vintage). The winter and spring were mild and wet, replenishing water reserves and kicking off the growing season early. It was so mild – with temperatures on average around 2˚C warmer than usual – that there were already signs of budbreak at L’Eglise Clinet on 4th February. Flowering was early and homogenous; at Ch. Margaux it was a full 15 days ahead of normal, Managing Director Philippe Bascaules noted, bringing the entire season forward. This early start led to fears of possible frosts, but (unlike in 2021) the temperature barely dropped and the threat to crops was minimal. Overall, 2020 saw more rain than any other year in the last decade – however it fell almost entirely over the winter and spring, with subsequent concentrated bursts in May and August. This relative downpour was essential for what was to come, for the summer was parchingly dry. As Pierre-Olivier Clouet of Cheval Blanc explained, the spring provided the vines with enough reserves to survive the long, dry summer.  But the damp also brought mildew pressure – a particular challenge for those working organically or biodynamically. “On 12th May we had to spray copper by hand over 25 hectares of vineyards, as it was too wet to put tractors in the vineyards,” said Thomas Duroux at Ch. Palmer. Justine Tesseron at Ch. Pontet-Canet explained how dry breaks in the weather helped them avoid the damage seen in 2018, allowing them to get into the vines and spray. The mildew seemed to impact the Right Bank less, although work was still essential to avoid losses. Then in mid-June, a switch flicked and the weather shifted dramatically, becoming warm and dry. “It’s like only having two seasons instead of four,” Nicolas Glumineau of Ch. Pichon Comtesse explained, something he fears is becoming the new normal with climate change. The warm dry conditions concentrated the berries and then, as the vines gradually started to
become more stressed in August, slowed the vines’ growth. This was, Noëmie Durantou Reilhac of Ch. l’Eglise Clinet noted, important – helping to slow the sugar accumulation, and allow the phenolics to catch up. But the vines were stressed. “Vines are living beings and we ask them to go through a lot. If you were drinking a gallon of water every hour for a month and then had no water for two months…” Noëmie Durantou Reilhac said. The team at Pichon Comtesse was starting to worry as the leaves started to turn yellow and the vines were visibly struggling. But relief arrived in mid-August, with rain on
the Left Bank (with the least falling on Saint-Julien) and Saint-Emilion, although Pomerol had to wait until 1st and 2nd September for the weather to break briefly and provide the water the vines sorely needed. “This really refreshed the grapes, diluting the sugar content, but early enough to allow for concentration to build up in the berries,” Bascaules at Margaux explained.  From the end of August to late September, the mercury rose even higher. At Pichon Comtesse, with temperatures reaching 40˚C, Glumineau started to become nervous about the wine they’d be able to make, visibly seeing the berries reduce in size each day during the last two weeks of September. Cool nights were key at this time, preserving acidity and aromatics, despite the heat of the day. The harvest itself was fast and furious. Thanks to the homogenous flowering, everything ripened at once – and quickly. The whole season remained 10 to 15 days earlier than normal, and picking of the whites kicked off in mid-August, while the Merlot started coming in from early September, then the Cabernet from the middle of the month. Everything was in before the close of the month. Timing were similar to 2003, 2015 or 2019. Nicolas Glumineau noted that rainfall at the very end of September – falling on 25th and 26th – was of particular importance, helping “polish the tannins” on the last few plots of Pichon Comtesse’s Cabernet Sauvignon.

“It was a textbook perfect vintage,” Damien Barton Sartorius, Director of Léoville and Langoa Barton said – the only thing that upsets him is the volume of wine produced. The dry conditions broadly led to smaller berries with thick skins, and therefore less juice. In general, yields are a little down on 2019 and 2018, around 10 to 25% in most places, with the smallest crops in Saint-Julien (down 20% at Léoville and Langoa Barton, 25% at Ch. Ducru-Beaucaillou), and Sauternes and Barsac.  “It was a crazy, crazy vintage,” said Omri Ram of Lafleur. Rushing through the growing season like this, it’s clear it was, but producers aren’t shy about the results, nor should they be. The wines are superb – more classical than those of 2018 or ’19, with some comparing them to the wines of 2016, ’15 or ’09. Read more about the vintage in our overview or commune-by-commune breakdown

The 2018 and 2019 vintages might be tough acts to follow, but Bordeaux 2020 seems to be more than up to the job. We spoke to producers about the year’s extreme conditions – and the stunning results it produced

Chx l’Eglise Clinet, Cheval Blanc, Pichon Comtesse and more on the extraordinary conditions that shaped the 2020 Bordeaux vintage

Exploring the Bordeaux 2020 growing season

Bordeaux wine vintage 2020: a tale of two halves

Nicolas

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