Non capita tutti i giorni di poter assaggiare vini prodotti oltre mezzo secolo fa – ma all’inizio di questo mese ho potuto ripercorrere l’Imperial Gran Reserva di punta di CVNE fino all’annata 1947. Victor Urrutia, quinta generazione della sua famiglia alla guida di questo leggendario produttore della Rioja, ha organizzato una degustazione di quella che ha definito “la sporca dozzina” – affiancando 12 annate di Imperial. I vini sono stati scelti per mostrare come il vino si esprima attraverso una gamma di annate – non solo le più celebri, ma le calde, le fredde, le possenti e le mediocri. 
 CVNE produce vino nella Rioja Alta dal 1879, quindi – anche risalendo al 1947 – questa degustazione ha offerto solo un’istantanea della sua storia. Imperial fu creato agli inizi del XX secolo (1917 è l’annata più antica assaggiata dallo stesso Urrutia), concepito come una “super Rioja”, ha spiegato Urrutia. L’idea era di fare il miglior vino possibile, a prescindere dal suo potenziale commerciale, in un’epoca in cui la Rioja non aveva il prestigio di oggi. Si producono circa 50.000 bottiglie, ma – cosa importante – Imperial non viene realizzato in ogni annata, poiché in alcuni anni la qualità dell’uva non soddisfa i rigorosi standard di CVNE (ad esempio non ci sono state le annate 2003, 2006 o 2013, e non ci sarà nemmeno la 2023). 
 Per Urrutia, l’obiettivo con Imperial oggi è riflettere ciascuna annata e mettere a punto il vino piuttosto che cercare rivoluzioni. Le annate più antiche sono il loro punto di riferimento e fonte d’ispirazione. Attraverso le annate, tuttavia, Urrutia indica un naso “da chiesa” – qualcosa che trova distintamente Imperial e che ricorda la cantina. 
 È facile, forse, dimenticare quanto bene invecchi la Rioja – e non solo per un decennio o due, ma per oltre mezzo secolo. L’annata più vecchia di questa degustazione, la 1947, è stata senza dubbio la stella – un vino che ha conservato la sua freschezza, con aromi delicati e un palato magnificamente lungo, puro, risolto. L’intero volo ha impressionato – con la qualità di Imperial a risplendere. Sono comparse alcune delle annate leggendarie della Rioja (la 1970 e la 1959, che siedono accanto a 1982 e 1964 nei libri di storia), ma i miei preferiti personali sono stati la già citata 1947, la 2004 ancora compatta (nominata Wine of the Year da Wine Spectator nel 2013), la cupa 2011 e la graziosa, elegante 2018. I vigneti di Imperial L’uva per l’Imperial Gran Reserva proviene dai migliori vigneti di CVNE, tutti con oltre 40 anni di età e quasi tutti ad alberello, con rese di circa 4.000 kg/ha (equivalenti a circa 25 hl/ha o meno di 1,5 tonnellate/acro). Le parcelle si trovano tutte vicino ai monti Cantabrici, a circa 500–600 metri di altitudine, e su suoli poveri ma freschi (argilla e calcare) – conferendo grande freschezza ai vini, anche negli anni caldi e siccitosi, spiega la storica Direttrice Tecnica María Larrea. 
 Il villaggio di Villalba de Rioja è stato la spina dorsale del vino sin dalla sua concezione. Questo villaggio è il luogo in cui i fratelli Real de Asúa (che fondarono CVNE) acquistarono per primi dei vigneti, quattro chilometri da Haro. I vigneti sono ripidi ed esposti a sud, soggetti ai venti e quindi alcune viti devono essere allevate a cordone speronato (cordón Royat), ma ciò apporta acidità e freschezza al vino – elementi essenziali per il suo potenziale di invecchiamento. Parcelle nei villaggi di Briones e Torremontalbo furono aggiunte in seguito, negli anni ’60. Briones ha suoli più ricchi, pendii dolci e un clima più caldo, conferendo struttura e corpo al vino, mentre Torremontalbo ha pendii ripidi e sassosi con suoli calcarei e una significativa escursione termica, aggiungendo mineralità e finezza al blend. 
 Il blend di Imperial Il blend è cambiato nel corso degli anni, con il vino originariamente attorno al 40% Garnacha e 40% Tempranillo, con il restante 20% Graciano e Mazuelo. I vecchi vigneti erano field blend, con le varietà interfilari e raccolte insieme, implicando livelli di maturazione misti – qualcosa che probabilmente apportava equilibrio e complessità ai vini, anche se parte dell’uva poteva non essere matura. Oggi, ogni varietà è piantata separatamente da CVNE – permettendo maggiore controllo e precisione, vendemmiando ciascuna uva al momento perfetto e componendo il blend in cantina. 
 Negli anni ’70 si è assistito a un allontanamento dalla Garnacha, con sempre più Tempranillo piantato al suo posto. La Garnacha era meno apprezzata, vista come un cavallo da tiro, impressione soltanto rafforzata quando cloni meno pregiati e ad alta resa furono piantati negli anni ’80 e ’90. Come ha anche osservato la Larrea, la Garnacha è molto più soggetta a colatura e acinellatura (scarsa fioritura e allegagione), il che potrebbe essere stato un altro fattore del suo declino. C’è stato anche un periodo, ha spiegato Urrutia, in cui Bordeaux era il punto di riferimento per il vino fine, e si cercava di imitare la regione, privilegiando il Tempranillo per il suo colore più scuro rispetto alla più sottile di buccia e quindi più pallida Grenache. Oggi, il blend è dominato dal Tempranillo (con sia il 2017 sia il 2018 Imperial all’85% Tempranillo), ma la Grenache sta vivendo una rinascita in tutta la Rioja e – a patto di avere il giusto materiale clonale e/o vigneti più vecchi – potrebbe contribuire maggiormente al blend in futuro. 
 La proporzione di Graciano e Mazuelo è stata leggermente ridotta, ma la Larrea sottolinea quanto siano importanti le due uve di fronte al cambiamento climatico. Il Mazuelo (alias Carignan/Cariñena) fornisce struttura e colore, mentre il Graciano apporta acidità e complessità aromatica. La vinificazione Sebbene sia entrata in CVNE nel 1991, María Larrea ha preso in mano la vinificazione di Imperial con l’annata 2005, succedendo a Basilio Izquierdo, che aveva diretto le operazioni per oltre 30 anni (dal 1973). Prima di Izquierdo venne Ezequiel García, noto come “El Brujo” (“Il Mago”), enologo di CVNE per oltre tre decenni (tornò brevemente nel 2014 per ricreare il loro leggendario bianco, Monopole). 
 Attraverso i tre enologi e quasi 70 anni, sorprendentemente è cambiato poco. La vinificazione qui rimane estremamente tradizionale, sebbene la tecnologia abbia permesso al team di monitorare i vini più da vicino e di migliorare l’igiene di cantina, come nella maggior parte delle regioni. La fermentazione rimane indigena, anche se non è più spontanea – i vini vengono inoculati con un ceppo selezionato del loro lievito indigeno dall’inizio degli anni 2010 (con alcuni esperimenti negli anni ’90). Tradizionalmente la fermentazione avveniva in vasche di cemento, ma negli anni ’90 si è passati al rovere, con una sola annata (1994) fermentata in acciaio inox quando le botti non arrivarono in tempo. 
 I vini venivano un tempo conservati in botte e imbottigliati solo al momento della vendita, quindi alcune vecchie annate di Imperial hanno trascorso oltre un decennio in botte, mentre oggi il vino resta normalmente in botte tra due e tre anni. (Le date di imbottigliamento per ciascuna annata sono incluse di seguito – la 1947 non fu imbottigliata fino al 1960!) In origine il rovere era tutto americano, semplicemente perché era quello a cui avevano accesso tramite le loro storiche rotte commerciali, e le botti venivano mantenute per decenni (la Larrea ricorda l’uso di botti di 40 anni quando arrivò negli anni ’90). CVNE ha iniziato gradualmente a introdurre rovere francese negli anni ’80, con circa il 30% di rovere francese negli anni ’90 e circa il 60–70% oggi, con il resto americano. I vini: degustare otto decenni di CVNE Imperial Una nota sulle bottiglie: le annate più vecchie sono in vetro verde, ma si è passati al vetro ambrato circa 10–15 anni fa. 
 2018 Imperial Gran Reserva: Questo è stato un vero highlight della verticale. È ancora molto giovane, fruttato, ma con straordinaria finezza e delicatezza. Il naso è preciso con aggraziati aromi di spezie, grafite e fiori insieme al frutto cristallino. Il palato è succoso e agile, puro, setoso e fresco con tabacco saporito e frutti rossi disidratati che riempiono il finale saporito. Bellissimo e molto aperto, già ora. Fermentato in rovere, 14% alcol e imbottigliato a luglio 2021. 
 2017 Imperial Gran Reserva: Gelate hanno colpito gran parte dell’Europa a fine aprile 2017, sebbene il resto della stagione sia stato relativamente caldo, producendo un raccolto minuscolo di frutta concentrata. È un vino drasticamente diverso dal 2018, ma ancora con grande freschezza e un guizzo floreale accanto a frutta rossa matura e dolce. Il palato è teso, molto meno approcciabile del 2018, con tannini compatti, un morso di acidità croccante e una stretta di tannini fermi, mentre toni affumicati riempiono il finale. Decantare per goderselo ora, ma sarà ancora migliore con un paio d’anni in bottiglia. Fermentato in rovere, 14% alcol e imbottigliato a luglio 2020. 
 2015 Imperial Gran Reserva: Il 2015 Imperial è scuro e intenso, stratificato con ricchi frutti di rovo, cedro, tabacco, spezie e qualcosa di carnoso – forse un accenno di biltong. Il palato riecheggia la concentrazione del naso, con tannini masticabili e una linea di acidità che incide la sua intensità. Potente, quasi severo, con più frutta secca che emerge con l’aria, il finale è lungo e saporito, con un tocco di miso rosso. Fermentato in rovere, 14,5% alcol e imbottigliato a giugno 2018. 
 2011 Imperial Gran Reserva: Un altro spicco della verticale, il 2011 Imperial offre un naso scuro e puro, ancora sorprendentemente primario con frutta di ciliegia nera e cassis, sollevato da un dolce profumo speziato. Il palato è setoso e puro, ancora così giovane, scorre sulla lingua, incorniciato da tannini fermi ma integrati. È concentrato e lungo, con aromi floreali che danzano sul finale succoso. Difficile resistergli, con grande equilibrio. Fermentato in rovere, 13,5% alcol e imbottigliato a luglio 2014. 
 2009 Imperial Gran Reserva: Questo è un Imperial molto serio, ora in una fase di bella maturità – con sottobosco saporito e note speziate accanto al vibrante frutto di bacche scure. Il palato è intenso ma con una morbidezza, nonostante l’impalcatura tannica masticabile. È succoso ed espressivo, con note affumicate, speziate, di tabacco sul finale, e appena un leggerissimo accenno di cuoio che inizia ad apparire. Fermentato in rovere, 13,8% alcol e imbottigliato a gennaio 2013. 
 2004 Imperial Gran Reserva: Da una “annata da manuale”, nelle parole del CEO di CVNE Victor Urrutia, il 2004 brilla. Trucioli di matita e bacon completano frutta matura e scura. Il palato è teso e compatto, ma con una succosità che allunga l’insieme, con un’acidità che guida fino al lungo finale. I tannini sono soffici e morbidi, integrati con il frutto, ma offrono ancora presa sul finale. Luminoso ed equilibrato senza sforzo. Fermentato in rovere, 13,8% alcol e imbottigliato a ottobre 2008. 
 1994 Imperial Gran Reserva: Questa è un’annata intrigante di Imperial, l’unica ad essere stata fermentata in acciaio inox durante il passaggio dal cemento al legno, ma le botti nuove non arrivarono in tempo per l’annata. Fu anche servita al matrimonio del Principe della Corona di Spagna, poi divenuto Re Felipe VI. Dopo il 2004, questo segna uno spostamento verso vini dominati da note terziarie, sebbene qui ci sia ancora molta frutta. Il naso è speziato con fungo e sottobosco accanto a incenso e toni di cuoio. Il palato è carico di umami – con cuoio fresco e frutti di bosco disidratati – oltre a fragole essiccate, tannini morbidi e acidità rinfrescante. Fermentato in acciaio inox, 13,16% alcol e imbottigliato a giugno 1998. 
 1980 Imperial Gran Reserva: Come ha detto il CEO Victor Urrutia, il 1980 è stata “un’annata di merda” – ed è sempre rimasta all’ombra del 1981 e del 1982. Assaggiando il vino oggi, probabilmente è giusto – tuttavia resta un vino impressionante. Il naso ha un accento nettamente erbaceo, mentolato, sulla dolcezza del frutto – fragole macerate, con un accenno balsamico. I tannini offrono ancora mordente, mentre il frutto vira verso toni più scuri e di rovo verso il finale. Fermentato in cemento, 13,4% alcol e imbottigliato a maggio 1985. 
 1970 Imperial Gran Reserva: L’annata 1970 fu calda e produsse vini potenti – guadagnandosi la reputazione di una delle migliori annate della Rioja. Dopo oltre 50 anni, il vino è intensamente saporito – combinando soia, marmite e sentori di stalla con frutto scuro intenso. Con l’aria, il vino offre strati di spezie (quasi reminiscenti della paprika), bacon frazzles e mandorle affumicate, a complemento del concentrato nucleo di frutto. È intenso ma equilibrato, con acidità brillante che mantiene tutto fresco e riempie il lungo finale. Fermentato in cemento, 12,97% alcol e imbottigliato a marzo 1975. 
 1968 Imperial Gran Reserva: Da un’annata più difficile, il 1968 Imperial ha un naso affascinante che combina senza soluzione di continuità il salato e il dolce – con una ricchezza terrosa che siede accanto a frutto di bosco intriso d’incenso e una gradevole nota erbacea. Il palato è elegante e vibrante, con ancora molta frutta che guida attraverso il suo nucleo, mentre note più saporite e affumicate dominano il finale. Fermentato in cemento, 12,7% alcol e imbottigliato ad aprile 1974. 
 1959 Imperial Gran Reserva: L’annata 1959 è un’altra tra le più lodate della Rioja, sebbene sospetto che questa bottiglia non si sia espressa al meglio. C’è una morbidezza e intensità al palato, con una spinta acida affilata, mentre il naso è dominato da cuoio, liquirizia nera e sentori di stalla. Fermentato in cemento, 13% alcol e imbottigliato a febbraio 1968. 
 1947 Imperial Gran Reserva: Un vino straordinario da assaggiare, il 1947 CVNE Imperial ha una reputazione – che questa bottiglia ha più che confermato. Note di caffè e tabacco con frutto brillante – ciliegia rossa matura e lampone, oltre a fiori, incenso, tè nero e salvia, accanto a un profumo affumicato. È lungo e fresco al palato, senza soluzione di continuità e pienamente risolto ma puro e persistente, con un accento di Bovril sul finale che è vibrante e lungo. Splendido ora – bevetelo finché ne avete l’occasione. Fermentato in cemento, 12,4% alcol e imbottigliato ad agosto 1960. 
 Esplora tutte le etichette CVNE, inclusa una gamma di vecchie annate di Imperial Gran Reserva, o leggi altro Editorial

All'inizio di questo mese, CVNE ha ospitato una degustazione irripetibile del suo Imperial Gran Reserva. Sophie Thorpe esplora cosa rende questo vino così speciale e come si è evoluto nel corso di otto decenni.

Exploring CVNE’s flagship Gran Reserva Rioja, Imperial, back to 1947 at a once-in-a-lifetime tasting with CEO Victor Urrutia 

Tasting CVNE’s Imperial Gran Reserva Rioja 2018-1947 

Un'icona attraverso i secoli: Imperial Gran Reserva di CVNE

Per Marelise Niemann, il richiamo del vino risiede proprio in ciò che potrebbe frustrare i viticoltori meno intuitivi. “Non sei mai in controllo: sei sempre messo al tuo posto,” dice – dal meteo, dai babbuini che mangiano l’uva, dalla natura. Per quanto possa essere umiliante, Niemann ha fatto del Grenache la sua missione – creando le espressioni più fini ed eleganti di quest’uva in Sudafrica, sotto la sua etichetta Momento. 
 Non sorprende, dato lo stile dei suoi vini, che sia stata un’annata in Borgogna a rappresentare per lei l’illuminazione. All’epoca, alla fine degli anni 2000, il Sudafrica era ancora concentrato sulla produzione di vini potenti: i rossi corposi, estratti e molto legnosi erano considerati i migliori. L’influenza di Parker era ancora palpabile, e il Paese stava ancora riprendendosi dall’apartheid e dal soffocante monopolio della KWV. Ma un periodo trascorso a lavorare con il Pinot Noir fece comprendere a Niemann il potere sorprendente e talvolta incongruo della delicatezza – in breve, che più grande non significa sempre migliore. 
 E non era la sola a percorrere quella strada. Il movimento della New Wave sudafricana stava prendendo slancio. Guidati da figure come Eben Sadie, Adi Badenhorst e Chris e Andrea Mullineux, questi produttori stavano creando vini freschi e raffinati, reinventando l’identità vinicola del Paese. Quello che era iniziato nello Swartland si diffuse presto in tutta la nazione, e Niemann faceva parte di questa ondata di rinnovamento. Fu l’agricoltura a spingerla verso il vino, dopo aver trascorso l’infanzia nella fattoria dei nonni a Stanford, un piccolo villaggio nell’Overberg, svegliandosi all’alba per mungere le mucche o fare qualsiasi altra cosa fosse necessaria. Anche se i suoi genitori avevano abbandonato l’agricoltura, lei desiderava lavorare la terra. Crescendo a Elgin, una zona dominata dalle mele ma con un’industria vinicola nascente, decise di studiare viticoltura. Le lunghe nottate universitarie a Stellenbosch, accompagnate da molte bottiglie, la convinsero che coltivare l’uva non fosse abbastanza, e così ampliò il suo percorso di studi includendo l’enologia. 
 Dopo aver viaggiato per il mondo e fatto vendemmie nel Rodano e in California, ottenne un lavoro accanto a Sebastian Beaumont – che aveva appena preso in mano la tenuta di famiglia, Beaumont Family Wines. Fu lì, spiega, che poté “disimparare” tutto ciò che aveva letto nei libri. Durante quel periodo, continuò a viaggiare e a lavorare alle vendemmie nell’emisfero nord – inclusa la già citata esperienza in Borgogna. 
 Sebbene il Pinot Noir fosse la sua ispirazione, ciò che cercava davvero era la freschezza e la vivacità, più che il vitigno stesso – ben consapevole che gran parte del Sudafrica è semplicemente troppo calda e secca per il Pinot. Un viaggio a Terroir al Limit (il progetto nel Priorat fondato da Dominik Huber ed Eben Sadie nel 2001) nel 2010 fu determinante. Si innamorò all’istante delle splendide vecchie viti di Garnacha della regione e degli stili più leggeri che Huber e Sadie stavano producendo. 
 Tornò subito e cercò una parcella di Grenache nel Capo Occidentale. Comprò due tonnellate d’uva da un vigneto di 50 anni nello Swartland insieme a Donovan Rall (di Rall Wines); lui raccolse i grappoli e li trasportò a Stellenbosch, dove li nascosero clandestinamente in una cella frigorifera universitaria grazie a un amico, e poi lei li portò a Beaumont. La vinificazione fu minimale, in parte perché era impegnata con i vini di Beaumont e non aveva attrezzature, ma anche perché volle seguire ciò che il vigneto offriva naturalmente, puntando su uno stile più leggero e profumato. Nacque così la prima annata di Momento Grenache. Era il 2011, e prima ancora che avesse deciso un nome o pensato all’etichetta per le bottiglie, il vino venne scelto per la famosa degustazione Young Guns. (Suo marito – artista – disegnò la vite che si vede oggi sull’etichetta, con volti nel tronco, perché per Niemann il vino non è solo un fatto tecnico, ma riguarda le persone – sia quelle che lo producono sia quelle che lo bevono.)
  Un decennio dopo, Momento si è guadagnato una notevole reputazione. Niemann è stata nominata Young Winemaker of the Year da Tim Atkin MW nel suo South Africa Report 2023, e i critici lodano i suoi vini, definendola una “sussurratrice di Grenache” (come l’ha chiamata Malu Lambert su Decanter). Sebbene Niemann produca anche un blend di Chenin Blanc/Verdelho e un Tinta Barocca, il cuore della gamma Momento è il Grenache – con versioni di Grenache Gris e Blanc, oltre a diverse etichette di Grenache Noir. Non sorprende, dato lo stile fine, fragrante e fresco dei suoi vini, che le sue ispirazioni siano Rayas (ovviamente), ma anche i vini della Sierra de Gredos (come Comando G) e le versioni più fini e moderne provenienti dall’Australia – come Yangarra o S.C. Pannell. Con l’annata 2022, ha introdotto tre nuove espressioni single-site di Grenache Noir, aggiungendo un’imbottigliatura da scisti di Botrivier, una da arenarie di Piekenierskloof e una da scisti di Riebeekberg, accanto al suo vino del Paardeberg (in precedenza etichettato come Swartland o Western Cape, su granito). L’idea è mostrare cosa può fare il Grenache in Sudafrica, raccontando i diversi suoli ma mantenendo sempre la sua firma: vivacità e delicatezza. 
 Per Niemann, il Grenache e le altre varietà con cui lavora non sono scelte casuali, ma vitigni sostenibili per il clima sudafricano. Quasi tutti i vigneti con cui collabora sono dry-farmed (ce n’è solo uno che sta gradualmente disabituando all’irrigazione). Ricorda la siccità del 2015-2018, con la minaccia del “Day Zero”, quando nessuno poteva irrigare le viti: rammenta come il Cabernet e il Merlot dei vigneti vicini si arresero, offrendo pochissimo raccolto, ma non fu così per il suo Grenache, che “continuò semplicemente a vivere”. Come dice lei, “Ci sarà un altro Day Zero in Sudafrica. Diventerà più caldo e più secco. Dobbiamo coltivare varietà che non abbiano bisogno di irrigazione.” Uve come Grenache, Chenin e Verdelho, insieme a Cinsault e Carignan, sono – per lei – la risposta. “È ciò che il nostro clima vuole che piantiamo,” afferma. 
 Una cosa è certa: se questo è il futuro del vino sudafricano, è incredibilmente entusiasmante. Dimenticate il Grenache ad alta gradazione e dolciastro; i vini di Niemann sono fini, freschi, strutturati, profumati e puri – vini che parlano del loro luogo d’origine. Le allocazioni delle sue cuvée single-site sono scomparse quasi istantaneamente al rilascio – e non c’è dubbio che la sua stella continuerà a brillare. Accaparratevi queste bottiglie finché potete. 
 Esplora la gamma Momento o leggi di più sul Sudafrica.

Nominata Giovane Enologa dell’Anno da Tim Atkin MW nel 2023, Marelise Niemann crea alcuni dei vini più entusiasmanti del Sudafrica. Con l’enologa di Momento abbiamo parlato del suo percorso, dell’amore per la Borgogna e del futuro del Grenache nel Capo Occidentale.

Sitting down with Marlise Niemann, the winemaker behind Momento wines in Bot River, South Africa – Tim Atkin’s Young Winemaker of the Year 2023

Redefining Grenache: Marelise Niemann’s Momento wines

Ridefinire il Grenache: Momento

Chris Phelps never really meant to start his own winery. But fate had other plans.  Wine had always been part of life, just in the background. Growing up in Livermore, east of San Francisco, Phelps’s parents would buy a ton of grapes from Napa or Sonoma, and make wine each year for themselves. Phelps even dug out a cellar by hand for them as a teenager. Nevertheless, when he set off for UC Davis, it wasn’t to study wine, but medicine. To pay for university, he took a job as a firefighter in Idaho (“kind of scary but super fun,” he tells me). By chance, he met a wine-geek friend, one who eventually convinced him to switch from pre-med to oenology. At Davis, he happened upon Alain Bertrand – one of the first scientists to use gas chromatography to delineate the different aromatic compounds in wine. The Frenchman didn’t speak much English, and Phelps spoke French – so they ended up becoming friends. Bertrand suggested Phelps attend the University of Bordeaux for a year after graduation. There, Phelps tells me, everything “started to fall into place”. Until then, wine had been intellectually interesting – but, during his time in France, it became much more.   There, another professor pushed him to apply for an internship – just in time for the 1982 harvest, a vintage that would turn out to be legendary. He already had offers from both Ch. Simon (Barsac) and Ch. Beauregard, but then was given the opportunity to interview with JP Moueix (of Pétrus). Unusually Christian Moueix insisted on joining the interview himself, alongside winemaker Jean-Claude Berrouet, and promptly gave him the job. The confident young American, however, said he’d think about it – and set off for a holiday in the south of France with his fiancée. Little did he know that Moueix had just bought a swathe of vineyard in Napa – and was planning for the future.  A few weeks later, Phelps was in Nice and bought three postcards from the Chagall museum – ready to make his decision about the three possible roads that lay ahead of him. He decided to take the position at Moueix, posted his rejections and acceptance, and carried on with his holiday. But, as harvest time approached, Phelps hadn’t heard anything back. He called Berrouet – only to find out that the French postal service had let him down, and the job at Pétrus had been given to someone else. It seemed like his luck had run out, but Berrouet said he might have another idea and would call him back in a few days.   While Berrouet couldn’t offer him anything as prestigious as Pétrus, he found Phelps a job at Ch. des Laurets in Puisseguin-Saint-Emilion – but he wouldn’t just be an intern, he’d be running everything. It was, Phelps said, a “trial by fire”, especially given his only hands-on experience to date had been six months at Louis Martini. He worked non-stop with just one cellar hand to help during the day, and managed to make it through the season.   When the wines were safely in barrel, he went to dinner at Christian Moueix’s house – where, sipping Champagne in the library, Moueix told Phelps about his plans for his Napa project, Dominus – and asked if he’d be the winemaker. “Of course, I said no,” Phelps tells me – recalling how the Frenchman opposite visibly sputtered at the American’s cheek (again). Phelps said he needed more money to live in Napa (and support his bride-to-be) – and more experience. Amazingly, Moueix agreed to let him start from 1984, given the 1983 vintage was set to be just a handful of experimental barrels, and to a pay rise. Off Phelps went, working around California and wintering at Pétrus before returning to lead the team at Dominus.   “We figured it out as we went along,” Phelps says, looking back on the early days of what is now one of Napa’s most prestigious estates. Today they might have the iconic Herzog & De Meuron winery, but things were much more rustic at the beginning – with a small team and little infrastructure. Phelps eventually moved on, joining Caymus in 1996 – but it’s what started happening after-hours, around his day job, that is interesting.  In 1990, Phelps met Larry Bettinelli at a Christian men’s retreat, and hit it off. It was only when they met up for lunch later that they realised they were both in the wine business, with Bettinelli a fifth-generation farmer who was growing grapes. Bettinelli wanted his vineyards to be the best in the valley – but he needed feedback on the fruit so that he could adapt his viticulture. He and Phelps hatched a plan: each year, Bettinelli would give Phelps a ton of fruit, trialling different clones, rootstocks, vine spacing and trellising, harvest methods, and Phelps would make a wine with it. The project was purely intellectual, so the two families drunk the wine themselves, and it also started being used as the altar wine at Phelps’s church (a much higher-grade communion offering than most). For two decades, they kept making tiny batches of their first-class “homebrew”, and Bettinelli became one of the valley’s best growers, working with an increasing number of sites around Napa.  Destiny seemed to abandon all subtlety in 2005. Phelps was hiking through the Sierra Nevada, leading a Scouts expedition, when they were struck by lightning. Two of the group died and Phelps was knocked unconscious. Unsurprisingly, it shook Phelps to the core. “Life is our most precious gift,” he says, “and if we use wine appropriately, it can enhance our lives.”  Two years later, Phelps was on top of a tank that had just been filled with crushed fruit from a relatively new Bettinelli site – and the smell was intoxicating. Following pure impulse, Phelps asked if he could – rather unconventionally – buy the tank’s contents, and Bettinelli said yes. Ad Vivum – inspired by the Latin “vinum” for wine and “vivere” to live, combined with “ad” which translates as “to” or “towards” – was born.  The vineyard was Sleeping Lady (previously Reese), the southernmost vineyard in Yountville, at the foot of the Mayacamas and on the southern end of the valley’s famous bench. There’s a flow of underground water that feeds a creek, with sufficient clay under the gravel and sand to retain water during the dry summer – and has, in Phelps’s words, a “beautiful ability” to self-regulate. Various other producers work with the vineyard, but his two blocks (representing a mere 1.5 acres) are right at the top of the vineyard, below a steep slope that aids the flow of cool air through the site at night. For him there was something special about these plots – producing fruit and wine with what Phelps describes as a “grace note”; it’s a whisper of something that takes the wine to the next level.  In a good year, production for Ad Vivum is 450 cases – but Phelps isn’t looking to grow. He makes one wine, from one site – and that’s the way he wants it to be. The wine is undoubtedly informed by his Franco-American roots, with an elegance, freshness and savoury structure that complements the plush Napa style. As he says, “I try to build wines that speak for themselves.”  Phelps’s – and Ad Vivum’s – story is one of happenstance. Or is it? With a man as devout as Phelps, it seems hard for anyone to believe it’s all an accident – and as Phelps himself says, looking back, it feels perhaps like it’s all part of a master plan.  Explore all current listings of Ad Vivum or read more about California 

Ad Vivum is a boutique Napa project from Chris Phelps. Sophie Thorpe spoke to him about how twists of fate saw him go from aspiring medic to star winemaker at the likes of Dominus, Caymus – and now his own label

Ad Vivum is a boutique Napa wine label from Chris Phelps. We spoke to the ex Dominus and Caymus winemaker about his journey – and its twists of fate

Discover Chris Phelps’s wine Ad Vivum, Napa

Divine intervention: Ad Vivum

“Meet my girlfriends,” calls Telmo Rodríguez down the phone, laughing as he flips his camera to show two enormous shaggy-haired mutts. The skies are crisp and blue on the other side of the screen, the sun beating down on Remelluri, his family estate in Rioja Alavesa. The camera swings across the horizon as he introduces me to one of his team before rushing indoors to sit down for our call. There’s an almost frenetic energy to Rodríguez – and that energy is what in many ways defines the maverick winemaker, who has been one of the transformational forces in Spanish wine.  His parents purchased La Granja Nuestra Señora de Remelluri – a farm that has been home to vines since at least the 14th century – in 1967. Growing up on this special property, young Rodríguez went off to study winemaking in Bordeaux, then trained at properties including Cos d’Estournel, Domaine de Trévallon, Chave and more. He returned home inspired and excited to use his new-found knowledge on the family property in the early 1990s. But his father didn’t welcome Telmo’s ambition: the market didn’t want great or even good Rioja, he told his son – the market wanted cheap Rioja. Although he wasn’t allowed to make changes to the red, Rodríguez was given free rein to create the property’s first white wine. And that wine rocketed him to fame. White Rioja has always been niche (today just 9% of the vineyard area is planted to white grapes), but in the 1990s its future was looking uncertain – with the traditional, oxidised style of wines such as López de Heredia’s Tondonia Blanco fallen from grace, and many producers had given up on making these wines (as with CVNE’s Monopole Clásico, which has since been revived). Rodríguez wanted to create a wine of place, rather than a wine of style, and used complex field blends planted at higher altitudes to do so. Fermented and aged in a combination of tank and oak, Remelluri Blanco was unlike any other wine in the region. Robert Parker wrote of the 1996 vintage that it was “the finest white wine [he had] ever tasted from Spain”. The multi-variety blend doesn’t include the region’s trademark white, Viura, and is technically illegal – a fact that perhaps has only increased its appeal.  But Rodríguez was frustrated by his father, by the limitations put on him and his wines. Restless and with a rift in the family forming, he flew the coop to focus on his own project. In Bordeaux he had become friends with a fellow Spaniard, Pablo Eguzkiza, who had been working at Pétrus, and together they had already started making wine – beginning with an old-vine Garnacha from Navarra in 1994. With that wine, Compañía de Vinos Telmo Rodríguez was born.  Their vision was to make real Spanish wine – the wines that had been made before, as they saw it, France started to sway the industry. When the deadly louse phylloxera had swept through France in the late 19th century, killing its vineyards, the nation looked south, across the Pyrenees to Spain. Producers travelled there to make wine and feed demand, and Rioja in particular saw an influx of business and money – but this uplift also came with French influence. In Rodríguez’s view, this was the ruining of the trade – Rioja, which had once been a wine of site, became a wine of oak. And soon, across Spain, the variety that once defined its many regions was being over-written with international varieties. Spain became known for cheap wine – and producers were racing to the bottom.  “The worst are the British,” says Rodríguez. “They say they know Rioja and they know Sherry, but, in a certain way, the British market killed Sherry and killed Rioja because they are very happy to have a cheap Reserva for a few pounds.” The dominance of what he describes as “industrial brands”, the larger houses that buy in fruit from across the region, aged in American oak for “traditional” styles, and French for “modern”, is abhorrent to him.  “I’m sorry, you don’t know anything about Rioja. Tell me one village. Tell me one taste. Tell me one landscape. Tell me one mountain. Nobody knew anything,” he says. He explains how Labastida – a village neighbouring Remelluri – was once the Vosne-Romanée of Rioja, home to 330 different wine producers in 1680. But over the years, that history has been blended away.  Together, Rodríguez and Eguzkiza set out to uncover and reveal the Spain of yesteryear, working with old vines, native varieties and traditional methods to champion what they saw as the true Spanish wines. From their beginnings in Navarra, they looked to Arribes del Duero, to Rueda, to Málaga, to Aragon and back to Rioja, then Ribera, Toro and Sierra de Gredos.   “Now we are showing what is real,” Rodríguez tells me, with a sense of satisfaction. In Rioja, for example, they created Bodegas Lanzaga in 1998, looking to focus on the terroir around the town of Lanziego. The Consejo (regulatory body), however, didn’t allow them to use the name of a village on the label until 2017. For almost two decades they protested this rule, featuring the name on the label, but redacted (inspired in part by the art of Jenny Holzer). Today, there is a clear, and growing, movement of producers looking to focus on single-site expressions of Rioja’s best vineyards, shifting away from cross-regional blends and the dominance of oak. This echoes what is happening elsewhere in Spain, as producers focus on indigenous grapes and identifying what makes each of its varied regions unique. It’s a revolution – one that Rodríguez has been at the forefront of. It's easy to think of this rockstar duo as flying winemakers – having so many projects scattered around the country, only touching down briefly to sign off on blends before they’re off to their next event. While inevitably their schedule is intense, their focus is firmly in the vineyard and on reflecting each individual place and site – rather than crafting a range that speaks of their influence. “It’s a very honest approach to a place,” Rodríguez says. The references throughout our conversation only emphasise this: Burgundy, the ultimate “terroir” wine, is where he finds his inspiration; while the Super Tuscans are repeatedly scorned for their internationality.  Matallana is quite possibly Telmo Rodríguez’s most ambitious project to date. He and Eguzkiza first made wine in Ribera del Duero in 1998, and have slowly built up 21.5 hectares of vines around the region.  “My dream was to do a very good Vega Sicilia. I wanted to do the Vega Sicilia that I used to drink in the past,” explains Rodríguez, talking about bottles from the 1940s, ’50s or ’60s. Back then, he says, it wasn’t an estate wine but fruit was sourced from around the region. For him, Vega Sicilia is now too “Bordeaux-style”. He argues that while in Rioja the soils are quite consistent, Ribera del Duero is incredibly varied. They have chosen to work with a range of vineyards across five villages – Sotillo de la Ribera, Roa, Fuentecén, Fuentemolinos and Pardilla – ranging from quartz-rich or pebbly soils reminiscent of Châteauneuf-du-Pape to chalky albariza and clay-heavy sites. This diversity is what helps bring complexity to the wine, with each one producing a different expression of Tinto Fino.   The work involved in each of the Compañía de Vinos Telmo Rodríguez projects is painstaking, tracking down special parcels, reviving soils and replanting or grafting where necessary, working organically and biodynamically, to achieve the quality they’re looking for. For Bodegas Lanzaga, for example, it was over a decade before they produced the first vintage of their top wine, Las Beatas, from a 1.9-hectare plot of the same name (first made in 2011).  For Matallana, they wanted to track down the region’s very best, historic vineyards in each of the five villages. But it’s not been easy. All too often they’d been abandoned, some needed re-planting entirely, or otherwise re-grafting with massal selections, and serious work to bring the soils back to life. They wanted to work with unirrigated bush-vines and field blends – vineyards farmed as they might have been in the 19th century. And then there’s the complex ownership: to buy just six of their 21.5 hectares took seven years, purchasing tiny plots from 40 different families.  Although they’ve been making wine here since the 1999 vintage, it wasn’t ready until relatively recently – and Rodríguez considers the 2014 the first “real” vintage of the project. Before that point they had made three wines, a selection of fruit from the oldest vines that went into the “Grand Vin” Matallana, a second wine M2 and the unoaked Gazur from younger plots. “They were prototypes, we were learning,” explains Rodríguez. From 2014, there is only one wine, with a change in the label to reflect the shift.  As with the older vintages from Bodegas Lanzaga, the label shows a list of redacted vineyard names – which are still not permitted to feature on the labels in Ribera del Duero. “All those vineyards are the guarantee of the purity of our wines,” says Rodríguez. In fact, the label is embossed, so beneath the censored text, you can feel the names of these terroirs. He’s moved to reduce the oak, using some foudres and tinajas (amphorae), while also acknowledging that the wine needs movement and oxygen to polymerise the tannins. The result, however, is a more delicate wine. At the end of the day, he says, “We don’t care about the winery… our wine is the landscape, is the soils.” The difference between the “new” and “old” Matallana is striking. The 2020 is pure, vibrant – a mineral wine with crystalline fruit that speaks of place.  “I don’t want to be pretentious, but we want to create another iconic wine from Ribera del Duero,” says Rodríguez. There’s no shortage of ambition here – and they’re looking to increase production to around 40,000 bottles a year (up from around 25,000 currently). “It took us 25 years… but we knew we were doing something rare, different.” The latest move has been to partner with Jean-Guillaume Prats (currently of Ch. Léoville Las Cases, previously of Ch. Lafite Rothschild and Cos d’Estournel), and start distributing the wine via La Place de Bordeaux, to bring the wine to an even bigger audience.  Rodríguez is now 61 – but there’s no sign of him slowing down. “People say that I’m too old to plant vineyards,” he says, clearly finding such a thought absurd. He’s just planting three hectares he tells me – vineyards that will be amazing, he feels, maybe in 15 years’ time. On the day we talk, he had five local youths coming to meet his team, the children of local viticulturalists in Labastida; they’d be making wines together with the best 2,000 kilos from each of their family’s plots – a project that has been going four years. There’s no looking back from this vigneron, whose eyes are firmly on the horizon, as he continues to push boundaries and forge a future for those that will follow him.  Explore all wines from Telmo Rodríguez and Matallana or read more Editorial 

Telmo Rodríguez is one of Spain’s most famous names. Since the 1990s, he has been a controversial figure, fighting for the nation’s vinous heritage. We caught up with the relentless revolutionary to talk about his journey, the real Rioja and his most challenging project to date

Telmo Rodríguez is one of Spain’s most famous winemakers. We caught up with him to talk his journey and his most challenging project to date, Matallana

Telmo Rodriguez – the eternal battle

Telmo Rodríguez: the eternal battle

The knife is a descendant of the sword, that emblematic and destructive weapon of war. We learn to respect it from an early age. Though powerful and dangerous, this day-to-day working tool is the one item in the culinary arsenal used to cut flesh in the preparation of food. Fingal Ferguson of the renowned Gubbeen cheese family in Ireland, and maker of world-class knives, remembers his mother Giana in the early days of his parents’ farmhouse cheese revival in the 1970s, cutting the curds with her grandfather’s dressage sword on the side of the Aga. It was not, however, this splendid, dramatic rapier that triggered his passion for the craft, but a hobby that grew out of butchering. Ferguson’s handsome handcrafted knives, which he started making 20 years ago, come in all shapes and sizes from small paring knives to cleavers, and have acquired cult status at home and abroad. They are coveted by those who love cooking – from domestic cooks to celebrity chefs – and those who value craftsmanship and beauty, not to speak of functionality, in the tools they use. His collection, full of character, ranges from high quality satin hand-finished steel to the higher end Damascus patterned blades with handles carved from maple, beech, chestnut, bog oak, spalted poplar, alder, Micarta (a composite), carbon fibre, buffalo horn and, more unconventionally, compressed rock-hard Donegal tweed, and gemstone turquoise.  These knives are much in demand – at one point in 2017 he had 980 people on the waiting list. Francis Mallmann – the world-renowned Argentinian, Michelin-trained, Patagonia-loving chef famous for open fire cooking – declared Ferguson’s knives the best, and ordered a set of 22, one for each of the tasks in his kitchen. “He is one of my heroes as I love cooking with fire,” Ferguson reveals when we meet in his workshop on the family farm not far from the fishing village of Schull in west Cork, one sunny September morning. Located far out on the most south-westerly tip of Ireland, nestled beneath Mount Gabriel with breathtaking views across the Atlantic to Fastnet Lighthouse, Coney Island and Cape Clear, Gubbeen (which means little bite) is a 250-acre coastal farm with a 140-strong cheesemaking herd of Friesian, Holstein, Jersey and Kerry cows that graze peacefully in the surrounding fields. It is here Ferguson grew up and became in turn a farmer, cheesemaker, butcher, charcuterie-maker, knifemaker, husband and father.  “I was two and a half when mum and dad started making cheese, so I grew up with it. The farm is the backbone of everything we do, and you are either mucking about in the yard or putting on whites to clean the cheese,” he says with a smile. Tousle-haired, dressed in a bleu de travail workman’s jacket, followed by his border terrier, Mouche, he shows me around the farm where the cheesemaking is in progress, and to a barn piled high with straw bales at the entrance to his workshop. Flocks of geese and Barbary ducks patrol the yard, undisturbed. A nifty Jack Russell called Sunny makes an occasional appearance, checking out newcomers.   Grounded, thoughtful, practical and creative, Ferguson comes from pedigree stock on both sides of the family. His father Tom was in his twenties when he inherited the farm, run by four generations of resourceful Fergusons, including his great-grandfather who introduced an innovative and successful milking system in the 1880s that benefitted the whole area. Tom’s mother Mary was a founding member of the Irish Countrywomen’s Association and ran one of Ireland’s first farm guesthouses.  Tom met Giana Luke – then in her twenties, of Austro-Hungarian ancestry, and daughter of the playwright Peter Luke – when she was visiting an uncle, a writer living in Inish Beg beyond Baltimore. “I was drifting around with a dog and a tent,” she later recalled. The pair fell in love, married in 1975 and started their life together. “She was a dreamer with a fascinating culinary background, and he was a west Cork farmer and a doer. Opposites attract,” Fingal smiles, adding that his own marriage to Dubliner Ciara Rogerson, a high-powered, Oxford-educated consultant statistician, carries on the family tradition.   Giana’s grandfather, hugely influential in her love and appreciation of food, was the Eton-educated Sir Harry Luke who spent 40 years in the British Colonial Service and dined for England in far flung places like Aleppo, Tonga, Tbilisi, Sierra Leone, Transcaucasia (present day Georgia), Armenia and Azerbaijan. His 1954 book, The Tenth Muse: A Gourmet’s Compendium, is a tour de force of descriptions of the culinary cultures he encountered on his extensive travels. Fingal’s own name he attributes to his parents’ love of Oscar Wilde whose middle name was Fingal – indeed one of his own five children is called Oscar. Memories of growing up between west Cork and occasional trips to his grandfather’s house in Jimena de la Frontera, in Andalusía, Spain, were huge influences: “being immersed in Spanish food and those long tables and robust flavours and if there was no garlic, there was no menu. That Spanish influence led us to preserve food with nothing left to waste. Food preservation was logical – we either share, swap or preserve,” explains Fingal whose self-built smokehouse was a pioneering step in establishing the farm’s charcuterie business. A strong work ethic is part of the Ferguson dynamic. “I was never pushed or forced into farming,” he says. At the Quaker school in Newtown in Waterford where he was educated, “if you were crap at something you were allowed to fail, but you had to compensate somewhere else and I was drawn to hands-on learning like woodwork because I love making things and hate having nothing to do. I can take most machines apart and put them back together again.” Having become the farm’s butcher, he got into knives, and with a family connected to food, needed to learn how to sharpen the tool of his trade properly. After school, when he spent some time in New Zealand “milking 800 cows on the North Island”, he made his first knife, then did a knifemaking and bladesmith workshop with Owen Bush & Bushfire Forge in the UK. “But my real inspiration,” Ferguson reveals, “was the knifemaker Rory Conner up the road here in Ballylickey who had trained with Bob Loveless in the US, one of the world’s top knifemakers. We used to contact Rory for knives for special occasions, for wedding presents – he is a real craftsman. All this led to knifemaking becoming my hobby.” In the workshop furnished with machinery, grinders, belts and assorted tools, Ferguson gives me a lesson in knifemaking, explaining that it has two essential parts – the metallurgy “taking the steel to make a blade and how different steels make different things. And the second part is the handle which can be classic or crazy – we live our personalities in our things, so you can have a carbon steel knife with a jet-black bog oak handle sitting right next to a shiny Damascus steel knife with a vibrant multicoloured handle.” Strangely, most of the parts of the knife are named after parts of the body – the belly, the throat, the cheek, the heel and the spine. Sheets of steel of different types are stacked in a corner of the workshop. The painstaking method of making a knife begins, Ferguson carefully explains, when suitable steel is cut and drilled into the shape of the blade, and he shows me the design of the blade marked out on the steel. “It then goes into a kiln for a short specific period at temperatures as high as 1,080ºC depending on the type or process. It is at these temperatures where the magic of metallurgy takes place and we can transform it from soft into hard steel. It is then quenched or cooled rapidly as a key part of the process. After some little adventures with the tempering cycles which balance the hardness and makes the knife more useable, it is ready to become a blade, ready for more grinding and thinning out, defining the edge and then polishing ready for the handle.” Demanding skill and precision, “you could be hours making a knife – and the level of obsession will determine the outcome,” he adds. The level of workmanship in a knife can, in turn, inspire a reverence that affects how its owner wields it. Some of Ferguson’s knives are made from Damascus pattern welded steel which adds an eye-catching beauty when polished and etched – these steels can be outsourced or, as he explains, makers can go through the lengthy, highly skilled and more advanced process that involves more than 60 layers of lamination and that can take years to master. Japanese knifemakers, in particular, have embraced these skills, drawing on Japan’s great historical swordsmithing tradition; when the Samurai were forbidden to carry weapons, their swordmakers turned their craftsmanship to making cutlery instead. “One of the interesting psychological things about a Japanese-influenced knife, with its hidden tang design, is that you might treat the knife differently, use it differently,” says Ferguson. “Images will be conjured up of the precise, thoughtful and accurate knife skills of the Japanese.” In some of his work, he draws on such influences to make knives based around thinner edge geometry and around more precise use. “Western knives tend to be sturdier for more general use.”  Ferguson believes that “a knife is either practical or emotional. You can have a Damascus steel knife, beautiful to look at, but another with a broken handle may be your go-to knife. Knifemaking has to do with weight, balance, edge geometry and geometry. A knife goes through the ultimate form of abuse – every day it is wet and dry. It might be left on top of the cooker. There is a knife for every job in the world and that’s what makes our life so interesting. With all these different knives there is an element of creativity that allows for specialisation and so many elements that one can get obsessed about. One of the easiest knives for a cook to use, with an edge like a razor blade and a light handle, can be the first knife to break if used to cut up bones, so the boundaries and capabilities are endless.” His views on popular TV shows about knifemaking are interesting. “Forged in Fire is not aimed at knifemakers, just as MasterChef is not for chefs. These are shows for lay people that give you a little insight wrapped in drama, and help them learn about your world. The most important process is the attention to detail.”  He stores materials for the handles in a disused kiln and describes how they are attached to the blade with Loveless bolts. “These countersink nuts into the hole in the handle so as you tighten them, they become like a clamp. The bolster area is the most vulnerable area of the knife, so you are strengthening the bolt hole at its weakest point.” Back at his house – a beautiful building dressed in stone from Mount Gabriel, with mesmerising views of the sea – Ferguson keeps the finished knives in wooden boxes in an upstairs room away from the chaos of children’s toys and a busy kitchen downstairs. This is where orders are dispatched, packaged in heavy-duty canvas rolls, tied in a similar fashion to his charcuterie netting, and stamped with his logo: crossed knives that form the shape of a capital F. The appeal of Ferguson’s knives is stunningly obvious. But despite huge demand, his output isn’t set to increase any time soon. “After one of my knives became a viral sensation on social media, I had more than a thousand people wanting it, so I could spend the rest of my life making them. But the knifemaking side of the business has become a way in which I can channel my creativity.”  Ferguson invests a range of emotional energies into the knives he makes, each of which is a unique creation. “You can be gung-ho and vent if you are tired or emotional – or, if in a calm mood, you can be precise and careful. There is also a point where you can cut yourself or break the knife, so there is room and a role for every state of mind.” It is a delicate balance, and he feels blessed in that people want these knives, but they are not something that can be mass produced.  His profile has led to some odd demands. He has been asked for knives with handles made from the wood of a sentimental apple tree, or to be bejewelled with precious gems. He’s even been asked to work gold into the process of making a blade. “You can go to extreme lengths, and part of me wants the knives I make to go up on a wall and be displayed. You can have your haute couture of knives, and indeed the ones I’ve done now are very different; there is an evolution because I’m part of a community of knifemakers. Another part of me wants to see my knives on family tables being used every day.” While he is happy to work to specific requests from his clients, Ferguson is a man in tune with the fluidity of process, and the never-ending learning curve. “You can spend your life becoming a cheesemaker, gardener, farmer, making really good silage for the cows, but these are adaptable moving targets and as soon as you feel you know everything, you realise how much you don’t know – it is a process of continual learning and that’s how food led to the knives. The handmade knife is a tool that makes sense to a cook like a Mont Blanc pen to a writer. Carpenters respect their chisels. You don’t need to buy a handmade knife unless it is something that brings you pleasure. But you want people to enjoy the knife for what it is. Rory (Conner) always said that a good knife should be recognisable in the pitch dark – that you should know which way is up.” This article was originally published in FONDATA, Issue Two.

Fashion editor and author Deirdre McQuillan meets Fingal Ferguson to find out how butchery inspired him to become a knifemaker.


FONDATA: A Descendant of the Sword

A Descendant of the Sword 

To Kalon. For any Californian winemaker, those two words represent the Holy Grail. This vineyard in Oakville, Napa, is undeniably the region’s most famous. Perched at the foot of the Mayacamas, west of Highway 29, this site has been recognised for producing fine wine since the 19th century. Literally translating as the “highest beauty” or “highest good” from Greek, today To Kalon is home to some of Napa’s oldest vines and best Cabernet Sauvignon. “This is a Grand Cru – a premier property,” Paul Hobbs tells me, a winemaker who has a long history with the site. As a grad student at UC Davis, Hobbs would swipe the second crop from a vineyard on Walnut Drive – what happened to be BV4, Beaulieu Vineyard’s original block of To Kalon. At Mondavi – the largest holder of the hallowed site – he got to walk the rows more legitimately, and used those holdings to build Opus One – the company’s joint venture with Ch. Mouton Rothschild (although the association with the site has generally been played down). Under his own label, he’s been making wine from the Beckstoffer section of the vineyard since 1999 – and his wines, along with those from Schrader, were some of the early bottlings that put the vineyard firmly on the fine wine map, earning high scores – and lots of attention. Indeed, it was a Paul Hobbs wine that made Tor Kenward believe the vineyard was truly special. André Tchelistcheff had spoken to Kenward about BV4, but it was one of Hobbs’s bottlings that made him realise its potential. He started working with Beckstoffer plots from 2005. 
“It’s not visually impressive; it doesn’t have that ‘wow factor’,” Kenward tells me. But start digging below the surface, and you realise that you’re in the “tenderloin of Napa”, with old creek beds that run through the site. It’s an alluvial fan that runs down from the Mayacamas, sitting almost on a bench – with very little elevation. But the soils here are varied, with deep, well-drained gravels that make it perfect for Cabernet Sauvignon.  Andy Erickson – a winemaker whose resume includes Screaming Eagle, Harlan, Dalla Valle, Mayacamas and many more – first worked with the site in 2012, on a single-barrel charity lot for an auction at his children’s school. When Constellation (owners of Mondavi and co-owners of Opus One) called him to give him the chance to work with it again in 2016, he didn’t hesitate. That year, he made the first wine for the To Kalon Vineyard Company – a project that is a revival of the brand created by H.W. Crabb (known variously as Henry Walker, Hiram Walker or Hamilton Walker Crabb) in 1886, the vineyard’s godfather. “Most people know the recent history of the vineyard, and the acclaim of the wines from the past 15-20 years. But the vineyard was known for producing remarkable wines all the way back in the late 19th century. Clearly there is something there,” Erickson says.  But this vineyard is weighed down with controversy – its borders endlessly debated, with producers vying for use of the To Kalon name.  The history of the To Kalon Vineyard It’s impossible to look at To Kalon today without tracing its origins. H.W. Crabb came west from Ohio during the Gold Rush, spending six months digging in the Sierras before settling in Oakville in 1868, buying 240 acres of land at the corner of Highway 29 and Walnut Drive. He planted a wide range of crops, first making wine in 1872 under the name Hermosa Vineyards (“hermosa” meaning “beautiful” in Spanish). In 1881, he acquired another 119 acres from Eliza Yount (whose name lives on in Yountville). On land to the west of his plots, owned by John Davis, he planted additional vines – buying the fruit off Davis to feed his increasing production. In 1886, he gave his company a new name: “To Kalon Vineyard Company” – and the legend was born. Crabb reportedly said, “The name To-Kalon… means the highest beauty, or the highest good, but I try to make it mean the boss vineyard.”
 To Kalon Vineyard Company rapidly became one of the region’s largest – and most well-respected – wine producers. His wines started winning awards at competitions around the world, and he was the first to start selling wine along the East Coast. He had planted a huge range of grapes – around 400 different varieties, including Malvasia, Riesling, Chasselas, Muscat, Refosco and Cabernet Sauvignon, with the latter in particular thriving. In 1889, he bought 168 acres on the hillside to the south, close to where Harlan is now based, although it was never planted with vines during Crabb’s lifetime. In 1891, Crabb bought Davis’s 135 acres (from which he’d already been buying the fruit). In total, Crabb had more than 359 acres.  But his success wasn’t to last – phylloxera arrived in the late 19th century, and recession along with it. In 1898, Crabb sold the 135 acres he’d bought just eight years earlier – and died one year later in 1899. The vines were ripped out, replaced by cherry trees under David Perry Doak in 1911, who in turn purchased another 500 acres of vines from John Benson, south of the border of the original To Kalon (across Oakville Grade Road), which is now all owned by Constellation (used for Mondavi or Opus One). After Crabb’s death, what remained of the To Kalon Vineyard Company was sold to ES Churchill at auction, taken over by his widow Mary Churchill when he died in 1903. Wines continued to be sold under the label until the arrival of Prohibition in 1920. The winery reopened briefly to sell wine in bulk in the 1930s, but the winery building burnt down in 1939. Four years later, Martin Stelling bought most of the property – 337 acres – and replanted. He sold 90 acres to Beaulieu Vineyard (the block that became known as BV4 – and was the plot used by André Tschelistcheff made Georges de Latour Reserve). In 1944, Stelling bought an additional 1,700 acres – the McGill Ranch, which included the parcels owned by Doak (both Crabb’s 1891 parcel and the 500 acres area south of Oakville Grade Road). He named the entire property Tokalon Vineyards, and in 1945 planted Sauvignon Blanc in I Block – the legendary parcel that is today used for Mondavi’s prized, old-vine To Kalon Fumé Blanc.  Tragedy struck again, however, with Stelling killed in a car crash in 1950. The property was once more divided, sold off in pieces by his widow.   
Rosa Mondavi, along with her sons Robert and Peter, purchased 132 hectares in 1962 for the family winery, Charles Krug. After Robert struck out on his own, he bought 12 acres for himself in 1966 (that remained in the Stelling family) – in the northeast corner of the 1968 Crabb parcel, where the Mondavi winery and visitor centre remains today. He bought a further 230 acres in 1968, and then took the Charles Krug section from the rest of his family in 1978. The first time the To Kalon name appeared on a Mondavi label – and the first time since the demise of the To Kalon Vineyard Company – was on the 1986 Fumé Blanc Reserve. The I Block – the Sauvignon Blanc vines planted by Stelling in 1945 – were singled out for the first time in 1995, for the vines’ 50th anniversary. The first red – Mondavi’s To Kalon Reserve Cabernet Sauvignon – appeared with the 1997 vintage. The To Kalon Vineyard’s terroir As already mentioned, To Kalon is largely an alluvial fan that stretches down from the Mayacamas to Highway 29. It is, however, a large piece of land (the exact area depending on where you draw its borders – see below for more on the controversy around this) – and as such the terroir varies considerably. The soils are richer downslope, closer to the Highway; poorer and better-drained higher up (where many – including Hobbs and Kenward – prefer to be). The gravel composition varies with the subtle slope differences and underground water.  “It’s like any cut of meat – there are better parts than others,” Hobbs says. With over 300 original acres (at least), this is a substantial vineyard (for comparison, Clos Vougeot is 125 acres). “It’s great if you have the name To Kalon, but could be pretty average stuff.” The Beckstoffer section is numbered and lettered: A to F, from road to mountain, with A1 south of A2. For Hobbs, he likes the blocks closer to the mountains, and those that aren’t shaded by the huge walnut trees that line Walnut Drive (to the south). Hobbs noted how much warmer Oakville is than Yountville – something he used to notice when driving in the evening home from Oakville to Yountville. The mountains block the sea breezes, meaning that the cooling effect happens, but more slowly. This is partly what makes it such a special place. Tor Kenward similarly prefers some of the middle blocks in B and C, where there are some of the vineyard’s oldest vines, but with lower vigour, as well as the leaner soils closest to the mountains. As for the MacDonald or Horton block: “You could argue it’s every bit as good as Andy’s piece,” Kenward says. It, along with the Detert block, was planted in the 1940s – and in fact those two blocks are now home to some of the valley’s oldest vines. Even closer to the mountains, the gravel content is even higher, and the fruit is picked up to a month earlier than elsewhere in To Kalon. Although until now most of that fruit has been sold to Constellation, there will be opportunity for others to work with it as that contract comes to an end.   
The Beckstoffer plots of To Kalon Andy Beckstoffer bought Beaulieu Vineyard’s block, BV4, in 1993. He’d just lost a prized site – Liparita, on Howell Mountain – when the 89 acres of BV4 came up. He’d worked the site for years and leapt at the opportunity to buy it. “It’s a mystery to me why they sold it,” Paul Hobbs told me, although word on the grapevine was that they needed to liquidate funds – indeed, it was around the same time that Mondavi went public for similar reasons. Phylloxera was once more raging through the region thanks to the widely used, non-resistant AXR rootstock.  The BV4 block was in bad shape when Beckstoffer took it over and he had to replant the entire site. Paul Hobbs was one of the first to use fruit from Beckstoffer’s plots, starting to work with him from 1995/96. “Andy didn’t really realise he had a Grand Cru property,” Hobbs says. Hobbs was given free rein to pick his plots, opting for four or five plots on the western side, furthest from Highway 29. The vineyard produced its first fruit in 1997; 1998 was a difficult year; but in 1999 Hobbs was able to produce his first To Kalon bottling (although it couldn’t say so on the label). “I was loathe to tell people how young it was – but the quality was so good,” Hobbs says, still starry eyed thinking about it. “It was only four years old, but producing stunning wines.” Most fruit is sold on its weight, by the ton, but Andy Beckstoffer created a different model – one that is intricately tied to the vineyard’s name and reputation – and arguably has increased its reputation. Producers who use his fruit pay him 175 times the bottle price per ton, with a ceiling at $50,000/ton; tying the value of the fruit to the value of the final wine. “For producers like me in those days, when I didn’t have the land or ability to buy land, Andy was a saviour of sorts,” Hobbs tells me. “Because I had access to one of the top vineyards in all of Napa. I had to pay – but at least I had access.”
  The To Kalon controversy: how big is it? And is it a brand or a place? Mondavi trademarked the name “To Kalon” in 1988, and “To Kalon Vineyard” in 1994. This gave them the right to use the name on any wine from anywhere – even beyond California – and meant that no one else could use the name, even if they had plots in what was considered the original To Kalon vineyard. The first Beckstoffer bottlings only mentioned the name on the back label; but in 2000, Schrader decided to put it on the front label. The now famous lawsuit commenced. “They shouldn’t have been able to trademark it,” Hobbs tells me. “Anyone from the original To Kalon estate should have the right to the trademark as well.” In 2002, Mondavi sued Schrader for using the name on their Beckstoffer bottling. Countersuing ensued, from both Schrader and Beckstoffer (the latter arguing that Mondavi was misleading clients by using the name for wines made with fruit from beyond the vineyard’s original borders). A settlement – the details of which remain a mystery – was made in 2003, but wines made from the Beckstoffer section can now bear the name “Beckstoffer To Kalon”.  Constellation bought Mondavi in 2004, and then Schrader in 2017. Reportedly attempts were made to trademark “To Kalon Wine Company”, “To Kalon Vineyard Company” and “Rooted in To Kalon” – something, unsurprisingly, that Beckstoffer objected to. The legal battle continues today, with a fight over the naming of To Kalon Creek, and The Vineyard House – owned by Jeremy Nickel, which sits on the 1889 hillside section – arguing for the use of the name as well.  The borders of the vineyard are a constant source of debate – and given the history above, you can see why.  Andy Beckstoffer considers the original To Kalon to be only the parcels bought by Crabb in 1868 and 1881. The 1889 parcel was never planted by Crabb, so most aren’t inclined to include it as “original To Kalon”. The Detert and MacDonald plots, however, aren’t acknowledged by Beckstoffer, but were planted – and, albeit more briefly than other plots, owned by Crabb. Then there’s the “Stelling extension”, the southern section added after Crabb’s death under Martin Stelling, that Mondavi considers part of the original vineyard, but some others do not. Given the sums fruit – and wine – bearing the To Kalon name command, it’s unsurprising that its usage is so disputed.  
To Kalon: what does the wine taste like?  So what makes the wine so special? Why do winemakers fight for the fruit, and consumers for the bottles they produce? Despite the sheer variety of the site, Tor Kenward is adamant that there’s a continuity, with a profile that that site gives Cabernet. He describes it as “wall-to-wall carpeting”, a plushness to the mid-palate, a softness, that means the Cabernet isn’t hard-edged. “There’s something about the ground there,” Andy Erickson agrees. For him, To Kalon has a distinct tannin texture – not as rugged as hillside sites, but richer, with a generosity in the wines. “They are dark, aromatic, but very broad and polished,” he says. “I think the vineyard brings forward many of the complexities of Cabernet Sauvignon, but delivers it in a very approachable and elegant package.” “It’s very identifiable,” Paul Hobbs says. “It’s a structural and textural thing mostly. It’s a freshness to this sort of tannin. It has grip, but it has this uplifting character.” He explains it like a skipping stone – you think you’ve got it, then another wave comes, the wine shifting on the palate. For him, one of the most distinctive things is that Cabernet sings alone here – much better than blended with other varietals. “It didn’t need the help of its brothers,” he says. “It’s a wine that’s at peace with itself… It doesn’t shock you, except in its beauty.”
 Who owns what today in To Kalon? Robert Mondavi: From the original 12 acres, Mondavi now owns 328 acres of To Kalon, including the Stelling extension. Has the rights to use the To Kalon name.  Opus One: The 35-acre Q Block was sold to the joint venture by Mondavi in 1981, with K block acquired in 2008. Although under Constellation’s ownership they could likely use the To Kalon name, Opus One doesn’t trade on this. (To Kalon Vineyard Company uses fruit from Constellation’s holdings, both Opus One and Mondavi plots.) UC Davis: a research block that was key in developing phylloxera-resistant rootstock
Beckstoffer: 89 acres, with fruit sold to a range of producers (currently 23), including Paul Hobbs, Tor Kenward and Schrader. Producers can use the name “Beckstoffer To Kalon” on their labels. MacDonald (sometimes referenced as Horton): Graeme and Alex MacDonald are the current generation, owning 21 acres of the 1891 parcel. When their great-grandparents bought the site in 1954 (along with the Detert plot – see below – from Caroline Stelling, Martin Stelling’s widow) it was planted with cherry trees. Advised by Robert Mondavi, the MacDonalds planted vines. From 1966, they sold grapes to Mondavi – holding some back for personal use from 2004, with the first MacDonald commercial release in 2010 (just 92 cases). Although historically 75% of production here has been sold to Mondavi, I’m led to believe that the contract is coming to a close and won’t be renewed. The MacDonalds can’t use the To Kalon name on their wines currently. Detert: Today owned by Tom Garrett, a cousin of the MacDonalds. This 25-acre plot was bought in 1954, along with the MacDonald parcel – divided between the buyers’ children giving the two plots today. There’s more Cabernet Franc in this section. Most of the fruit is sold to Mondavi (with the contract, as for MacDonald, coming to an end soon), and Detert can’t use the To Kalon name on their wines. The Vineyard House: Many dispute whether or not this is original To Kalon; it’s on the hillside area purchased (but not planted) by Crabb in 1891. This plot is owned by Jeremy Justin Nickel, who is the son of the late Far Niente proprietor Gil Nickel. It’s thought to have first been planted with vines in 1980. They can’t use the To Kalon name on their wines, but have taken court action over the issue.  Wineries with To Kalon bottlings  NB Not all of these will bear the To Kalon name on the label Mondavi Winery, Opus One, To Kalon Vineyard Company, MacDonald, Detert, Alpha Omega, Amici, Alejandro Bulgheroni Estate, AXR, Bacio Divino, B Cellars, Boich Family, Bounty Hunter, Cain Concept, Carter cellars, Ch Boswell, Jacquelynn, Kitchak, Cliff Lede, Morlet, Realm Cellars, Tor Kenward, Paul Hobbs, Schrader Cellars Read more Editorial 

The Napa Valley has many incredible vineyards, but To Kalon undoubtedly sits at the top of the tree. As the To Kalon Vineyard Company releases their latest vintage, Sophie Thorpe delves into the story of this iconic site – from its 19th century origins to the fight to use its hallowed name

Explore the history of To Kalon vineyard – and what makes it such an iconic site today. We spoke to Andy Erickson, Paul Hobbs and Tor Kenward to find out more

The tale of Napa’s iconic To Kalon vineyard

The tale of To Kalon

Sierra Cantabria

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I vini venduti en primeur saranno rilasciati dal produttore dopo limbottigliamento, tipicamente 18 mesi dopo la fine della cosiddetta campagna. Il tuo vino sarà poi conservato da FINE+RARE in un deposito doganale fino a quando deciderai di richiederne la consegna.

Ci riforniremo di questo articolo al prezzo garantito dalla nostra rete di fornitori e organizzeremo una spedizione rapida a FINE+RARE.
 I tempi di consegna dipendono da molte variabili, ma in genere per un approvvigionamento rapido sono 2-4 settimane.
 Una volta confermato l'ordine, ti terremo aggiornato sulla data di arrivo prevista.
 Ogni articolo viene controllato all'arrivo dal nostro team di esperti e le fotografie sono disponibili su richiesta (si prega di notare che potrebbero essere applicati dei costi).

Reperiremo questo articolo attraverso la nostra rete di fornitori e ne organizzeremo la spedizione a FINE+RARE.
 I tempi di consegna dipendono da molte variabili, ma una stima media è di 6-12 settimane.
 Una volta confermato lordine, ti terremo aggiornato sulla data di arrivo prevista.
 Ogni articolo viene controllato al momento della ricezione dal nostro team di esperti, con fotografie disponibili su richiesta (si prega di notare che potrebbero essere applicati dei costi).

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