Group CEO Patrick O’Connor reflects on Bordeaux 2025: a hot, dry and early vintage defined by small yields, precise viticulture, restrained winemaking and a new wave of estates delivering wines of real distinction.

Patrick O’Connor, Group CEO, explores Bordeaux 2025: a hot, dry, early vintage shaped by precision, small yields and standout wines.

Bordeaux 2025 en primeur: vintage overview      

Bordeaux 2025: vintage overview               

Lebanon's lost legacy: viticulture Despite being more southerly than the great wine regions of Europe, the Beka'a’s elevated altitude on average around 1000m above sea level – means that it’s a full 10ºC cooler than Lebanon’s Mediterranean coastline. The climate is positively European with wet, often snowy winters and warm, dry summers. It’s very well suited to winemaking, a local craft that dates back millennia. Lebanon itself is geographically situated in the cradle of civilisation. It was here, even before
the Greeks and Romans emerged as dominant cultures in the Mediterranean, and the Canaanites (later known as Phoenicians), peace-loving traders from the Levant, established some of the earliest known well-organised cities: the trading ports of Byblos, Sidon and Tyre. Phoenician culture was at its peak between 1500 and 300BC – a period that saw them explore and dominate the Mediterranean, developing trade routes, setting up outposts and cities as far afield as North Africa (Carthage, now Tunis, Tunisia) and the Iberian peninsula (Gadir, now Cádiz, Spain). The word ‘Phoenician’ directly connects the people of the Levant with both an impressive entrepreneurial spirit and an awe-inspiring work ethic. More precisely, it is an exonym originating from ancient Greek that describes Tyrian purple. This highly prized dye was a major export of the Canaanite port towns, in particular Tyre, hence the name. The labour-intensive production of the colour involved collecting the mucous secretions of thousands of sea snails. 12,000 snails yield a paltry 1.5 grams of dye – which is why it was so highly prized and the clothes it coloured were reserved for royalty. Tyrian purple was not the only ingenious product that the Phoenicians exported. Their legacy also includes the invention of glass-blowing techniques, and the development of the very first abstract (non-figurative) writing system (from which the Greek alphabet was derived) is credited to the Phoenicians and their Canaanite ancestors. It was almost certainly developed primarily to keep records of sales and ultimately function as an essential accounting tool. We also have the Phoenicians to thank for the word ‘Europe’ – which comes from their word ‘Erob’ meaning ‘where the sun sets’. While it is thought that the world’s first-ever wine was made over 8,000 years ago in the Caucasus Mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas to the northeast of the Levant, it was the Phoenicians that produced, exported and made famous the ‘fragrant wines of Lebanon’ mentioned in the Bible’s old testament (Hosea 14:7). And with their grip on Mediterranean trade, they marketed it and exported it along with, crucially, the knowledge of how to make it. The agricultural treatises of Carthaginian writer Mago, (thought to be writing around 350 BC) were among the most important early texts in the history of wine to record ancient knowledge of winemaking and viticulture. It’s important to remember the function of wine in society in Phoenician times. It wasn’t just a drink. It was, rather like the Tyrian purple dye, complicated and labour intensive to make, exceptionally highly prized and valuable and not just because of how it tasted – but because of its effect and function.  Biomolecular Archaeologist Professor Pat McGovern at the University of Pennsylvania Museum is a specialist in fermented beverages and his research reveals more about wine in Phoenician life. “The wines of ancient Lebanon and Syria,” he says, “were much more than a technological marvel. They were the social lubricants to break down barriers, stimulate music and the arts and bring people together. They were the supreme religious symbol for prosperity and well-being, in life as well as death. And they were the medicines for dissolving and dispensing botanicals, to rest the weary, relieve pain and cure disease.” Taking their wine to the Pharoahs of Egypt and further west to Portugal to trade it for local silver and tin, Phoenician winemaking equipment has been discovered in Valepeñas in Spain. As Phoenicians established Cádiz (Spain) as early as 1100BC, it is most likely that Phoenician wines – not Roman wines – were the forerunners to sherry. Perhaps the most enduring legacy of these seafaring traders was, in fact, the propagation of ancestral grapevines from the Levant that ampelographers believe gave rise to several modern grape varieties in Europe. According to research published by the University of California-Davis on the Integrated Viticulture Online Database, the French wine grape Mourvèrde may have first been introduced to the wine region of Catalonia around 500BC. By 64BC, Seleucid Syria and Lebanon had been annexed to the Roman empire by emperor Pompey. Peace and prosperity followed as the people of Byblos, Tyre and Sidon were granted Roman citizenship. Trade boomed and new wealth generated from exports of cedar, pottery, jewellery, perfume, purple dye and wine to Rome, enabled an era of widespread construction and urban development. One of the building projects the Romans invested in at this time was the enhancement of the already millennia-old temple complex at Baalbek in the Beka'a Valley. At a site which the Greeks and the Romans referred to as Heliopolis 'the City of the Sun' (where Phoenician god Ba’al had once been worshipped), the Romans rebuilt and reconsecrated the temples to their gods Jupiter, Venus and Bacchus, gods of wine, fertility, ritual madness, festivity, dance and theatre. The 700-acre site remains, to this day, the largest and best preserved Roman temple complex anywhere in the Empire. How the ancients moved the 800-ton quarried stone blocks that form the base of the temples still baffles the world’s brightest engineers. The temple to Bacchus at Baalbek is a monument to the importance of wine in the region, and the site became a symbol of Lebanon itself in the 1960s, thanks to the cultural impact of the Baalbek International Festival. Established in the mid-1950s, the festival brought celebration, theatre, music and dance back to the site through performances by international music stars and, crucially, nurtured and celebrated home-grown talent, perhaps most famously Fairouz and the Rahbani Brothers who became huge stars in Lebanon and right across the Arab world. Lebanon’s potent winemaking heritage is not lost on the makers of Chateau Musar. Far from it. As well as its vineyards in the Beka'a, the winery also grows vines near Byblos and the Hochar family’s charismatic winemaker, Tarek Sakr, is as passionate about the history of the land as he is about the grapes he grows there. “Byblos has been known since Phoenician times as an exporter of cedar wood and wine,” he enthuses. “Vines were cultivated in the hills surrounding Byblos, fermented in stone vats dug into the landscape. Then, the wine was put in Canaanite jars (these were the predecessor of the Greek amphora – yes, Phoenicians invented these too), sealed with resin to stop oxidation, and taken to the harbour for export.” Tarek also tells of a recently discovered archaeological site in the village of Edde a few kilometres from Byblos. “The site suggests that most of the hills near the city have been growing vines for thousands of years. This makes sense as the place where our nearby vineyards are located, on a hill overlooking Byblos, is called Vines Passage. You can smell the history of winemaking here. This is undoubtedly the birthplace of viticulture.” While he has spent many years planting and tending to its vines as an integral part of the Musar winemaking process, Tarek’s knowledge of and connection to the land and its ancient traditions run even deeper than his many years of experience. The result of a DNA test found that he is genuinely of Phoenician descent. It would seem that when it comes to Lebanon’s unrivalled contribution to the world of wine, we still have much to thank the Phoenicians for. Explore more Editorial 

Most of Chateau Musar’s vines are grown in Lebanon’s Beka'a Valley, a fertile plain about 30km east of Beirut, situated between Mount Lebanon on the west and the Anti-Lebanon mountains to the east. 

Most of Chateau Musar’s vines are grown in Lebanon’s Beka'a Valley. We look into the viticultural legacy of the region and the impact of the cultural heritage

The wines of Lebanon

The wines of Lebanon: a phoenician phenomenon

Non capita tutti i giorni di poter assaggiare vini prodotti oltre mezzo secolo fa – ma all’inizio di questo mese ho potuto ripercorrere l’Imperial Gran Reserva di punta di CVNE fino all’annata 1947. Victor Urrutia, quinta generazione della sua famiglia alla guida di questo leggendario produttore della Rioja, ha organizzato una degustazione di quella che ha definito “la sporca dozzina” – affiancando 12 annate di Imperial. I vini sono stati scelti per mostrare come il vino si esprima attraverso una gamma di annate – non solo le più celebri, ma le calde, le fredde, le possenti e le mediocri. 
 CVNE produce vino nella Rioja Alta dal 1879, quindi – anche risalendo al 1947 – questa degustazione ha offerto solo un’istantanea della sua storia. Imperial fu creato agli inizi del XX secolo (1917 è l’annata più antica assaggiata dallo stesso Urrutia), concepito come una “super Rioja”, ha spiegato Urrutia. L’idea era di fare il miglior vino possibile, a prescindere dal suo potenziale commerciale, in un’epoca in cui la Rioja non aveva il prestigio di oggi. Si producono circa 50.000 bottiglie, ma – cosa importante – Imperial non viene realizzato in ogni annata, poiché in alcuni anni la qualità dell’uva non soddisfa i rigorosi standard di CVNE (ad esempio non ci sono state le annate 2003, 2006 o 2013, e non ci sarà nemmeno la 2023). 
 Per Urrutia, l’obiettivo con Imperial oggi è riflettere ciascuna annata e mettere a punto il vino piuttosto che cercare rivoluzioni. Le annate più antiche sono il loro punto di riferimento e fonte d’ispirazione. Attraverso le annate, tuttavia, Urrutia indica un naso “da chiesa” – qualcosa che trova distintamente Imperial e che ricorda la cantina. 
 È facile, forse, dimenticare quanto bene invecchi la Rioja – e non solo per un decennio o due, ma per oltre mezzo secolo. L’annata più vecchia di questa degustazione, la 1947, è stata senza dubbio la stella – un vino che ha conservato la sua freschezza, con aromi delicati e un palato magnificamente lungo, puro, risolto. L’intero volo ha impressionato – con la qualità di Imperial a risplendere. Sono comparse alcune delle annate leggendarie della Rioja (la 1970 e la 1959, che siedono accanto a 1982 e 1964 nei libri di storia), ma i miei preferiti personali sono stati la già citata 1947, la 2004 ancora compatta (nominata Wine of the Year da Wine Spectator nel 2013), la cupa 2011 e la graziosa, elegante 2018. I vigneti di Imperial L’uva per l’Imperial Gran Reserva proviene dai migliori vigneti di CVNE, tutti con oltre 40 anni di età e quasi tutti ad alberello, con rese di circa 4.000 kg/ha (equivalenti a circa 25 hl/ha o meno di 1,5 tonnellate/acro). Le parcelle si trovano tutte vicino ai monti Cantabrici, a circa 500–600 metri di altitudine, e su suoli poveri ma freschi (argilla e calcare) – conferendo grande freschezza ai vini, anche negli anni caldi e siccitosi, spiega la storica Direttrice Tecnica María Larrea. 
 Il villaggio di Villalba de Rioja è stato la spina dorsale del vino sin dalla sua concezione. Questo villaggio è il luogo in cui i fratelli Real de Asúa (che fondarono CVNE) acquistarono per primi dei vigneti, quattro chilometri da Haro. I vigneti sono ripidi ed esposti a sud, soggetti ai venti e quindi alcune viti devono essere allevate a cordone speronato (cordón Royat), ma ciò apporta acidità e freschezza al vino – elementi essenziali per il suo potenziale di invecchiamento. Parcelle nei villaggi di Briones e Torremontalbo furono aggiunte in seguito, negli anni ’60. Briones ha suoli più ricchi, pendii dolci e un clima più caldo, conferendo struttura e corpo al vino, mentre Torremontalbo ha pendii ripidi e sassosi con suoli calcarei e una significativa escursione termica, aggiungendo mineralità e finezza al blend. 
 Il blend di Imperial Il blend è cambiato nel corso degli anni, con il vino originariamente attorno al 40% Garnacha e 40% Tempranillo, con il restante 20% Graciano e Mazuelo. I vecchi vigneti erano field blend, con le varietà interfilari e raccolte insieme, implicando livelli di maturazione misti – qualcosa che probabilmente apportava equilibrio e complessità ai vini, anche se parte dell’uva poteva non essere matura. Oggi, ogni varietà è piantata separatamente da CVNE – permettendo maggiore controllo e precisione, vendemmiando ciascuna uva al momento perfetto e componendo il blend in cantina. 
 Negli anni ’70 si è assistito a un allontanamento dalla Garnacha, con sempre più Tempranillo piantato al suo posto. La Garnacha era meno apprezzata, vista come un cavallo da tiro, impressione soltanto rafforzata quando cloni meno pregiati e ad alta resa furono piantati negli anni ’80 e ’90. Come ha anche osservato la Larrea, la Garnacha è molto più soggetta a colatura e acinellatura (scarsa fioritura e allegagione), il che potrebbe essere stato un altro fattore del suo declino. C’è stato anche un periodo, ha spiegato Urrutia, in cui Bordeaux era il punto di riferimento per il vino fine, e si cercava di imitare la regione, privilegiando il Tempranillo per il suo colore più scuro rispetto alla più sottile di buccia e quindi più pallida Grenache. Oggi, il blend è dominato dal Tempranillo (con sia il 2017 sia il 2018 Imperial all’85% Tempranillo), ma la Grenache sta vivendo una rinascita in tutta la Rioja e – a patto di avere il giusto materiale clonale e/o vigneti più vecchi – potrebbe contribuire maggiormente al blend in futuro. 
 La proporzione di Graciano e Mazuelo è stata leggermente ridotta, ma la Larrea sottolinea quanto siano importanti le due uve di fronte al cambiamento climatico. Il Mazuelo (alias Carignan/Cariñena) fornisce struttura e colore, mentre il Graciano apporta acidità e complessità aromatica. La vinificazione Sebbene sia entrata in CVNE nel 1991, María Larrea ha preso in mano la vinificazione di Imperial con l’annata 2005, succedendo a Basilio Izquierdo, che aveva diretto le operazioni per oltre 30 anni (dal 1973). Prima di Izquierdo venne Ezequiel García, noto come “El Brujo” (“Il Mago”), enologo di CVNE per oltre tre decenni (tornò brevemente nel 2014 per ricreare il loro leggendario bianco, Monopole). 
 Attraverso i tre enologi e quasi 70 anni, sorprendentemente è cambiato poco. La vinificazione qui rimane estremamente tradizionale, sebbene la tecnologia abbia permesso al team di monitorare i vini più da vicino e di migliorare l’igiene di cantina, come nella maggior parte delle regioni. La fermentazione rimane indigena, anche se non è più spontanea – i vini vengono inoculati con un ceppo selezionato del loro lievito indigeno dall’inizio degli anni 2010 (con alcuni esperimenti negli anni ’90). Tradizionalmente la fermentazione avveniva in vasche di cemento, ma negli anni ’90 si è passati al rovere, con una sola annata (1994) fermentata in acciaio inox quando le botti non arrivarono in tempo. 
 I vini venivano un tempo conservati in botte e imbottigliati solo al momento della vendita, quindi alcune vecchie annate di Imperial hanno trascorso oltre un decennio in botte, mentre oggi il vino resta normalmente in botte tra due e tre anni. (Le date di imbottigliamento per ciascuna annata sono incluse di seguito – la 1947 non fu imbottigliata fino al 1960!) In origine il rovere era tutto americano, semplicemente perché era quello a cui avevano accesso tramite le loro storiche rotte commerciali, e le botti venivano mantenute per decenni (la Larrea ricorda l’uso di botti di 40 anni quando arrivò negli anni ’90). CVNE ha iniziato gradualmente a introdurre rovere francese negli anni ’80, con circa il 30% di rovere francese negli anni ’90 e circa il 60–70% oggi, con il resto americano. I vini: degustare otto decenni di CVNE Imperial Una nota sulle bottiglie: le annate più vecchie sono in vetro verde, ma si è passati al vetro ambrato circa 10–15 anni fa. 
 2018 Imperial Gran Reserva: Questo è stato un vero highlight della verticale. È ancora molto giovane, fruttato, ma con straordinaria finezza e delicatezza. Il naso è preciso con aggraziati aromi di spezie, grafite e fiori insieme al frutto cristallino. Il palato è succoso e agile, puro, setoso e fresco con tabacco saporito e frutti rossi disidratati che riempiono il finale saporito. Bellissimo e molto aperto, già ora. Fermentato in rovere, 14% alcol e imbottigliato a luglio 2021. 
 2017 Imperial Gran Reserva: Gelate hanno colpito gran parte dell’Europa a fine aprile 2017, sebbene il resto della stagione sia stato relativamente caldo, producendo un raccolto minuscolo di frutta concentrata. È un vino drasticamente diverso dal 2018, ma ancora con grande freschezza e un guizzo floreale accanto a frutta rossa matura e dolce. Il palato è teso, molto meno approcciabile del 2018, con tannini compatti, un morso di acidità croccante e una stretta di tannini fermi, mentre toni affumicati riempiono il finale. Decantare per goderselo ora, ma sarà ancora migliore con un paio d’anni in bottiglia. Fermentato in rovere, 14% alcol e imbottigliato a luglio 2020. 
 2015 Imperial Gran Reserva: Il 2015 Imperial è scuro e intenso, stratificato con ricchi frutti di rovo, cedro, tabacco, spezie e qualcosa di carnoso – forse un accenno di biltong. Il palato riecheggia la concentrazione del naso, con tannini masticabili e una linea di acidità che incide la sua intensità. Potente, quasi severo, con più frutta secca che emerge con l’aria, il finale è lungo e saporito, con un tocco di miso rosso. Fermentato in rovere, 14,5% alcol e imbottigliato a giugno 2018. 
 2011 Imperial Gran Reserva: Un altro spicco della verticale, il 2011 Imperial offre un naso scuro e puro, ancora sorprendentemente primario con frutta di ciliegia nera e cassis, sollevato da un dolce profumo speziato. Il palato è setoso e puro, ancora così giovane, scorre sulla lingua, incorniciato da tannini fermi ma integrati. È concentrato e lungo, con aromi floreali che danzano sul finale succoso. Difficile resistergli, con grande equilibrio. Fermentato in rovere, 13,5% alcol e imbottigliato a luglio 2014. 
 2009 Imperial Gran Reserva: Questo è un Imperial molto serio, ora in una fase di bella maturità – con sottobosco saporito e note speziate accanto al vibrante frutto di bacche scure. Il palato è intenso ma con una morbidezza, nonostante l’impalcatura tannica masticabile. È succoso ed espressivo, con note affumicate, speziate, di tabacco sul finale, e appena un leggerissimo accenno di cuoio che inizia ad apparire. Fermentato in rovere, 13,8% alcol e imbottigliato a gennaio 2013. 
 2004 Imperial Gran Reserva: Da una “annata da manuale”, nelle parole del CEO di CVNE Victor Urrutia, il 2004 brilla. Trucioli di matita e bacon completano frutta matura e scura. Il palato è teso e compatto, ma con una succosità che allunga l’insieme, con un’acidità che guida fino al lungo finale. I tannini sono soffici e morbidi, integrati con il frutto, ma offrono ancora presa sul finale. Luminoso ed equilibrato senza sforzo. Fermentato in rovere, 13,8% alcol e imbottigliato a ottobre 2008. 
 1994 Imperial Gran Reserva: Questa è un’annata intrigante di Imperial, l’unica ad essere stata fermentata in acciaio inox durante il passaggio dal cemento al legno, ma le botti nuove non arrivarono in tempo per l’annata. Fu anche servita al matrimonio del Principe della Corona di Spagna, poi divenuto Re Felipe VI. Dopo il 2004, questo segna uno spostamento verso vini dominati da note terziarie, sebbene qui ci sia ancora molta frutta. Il naso è speziato con fungo e sottobosco accanto a incenso e toni di cuoio. Il palato è carico di umami – con cuoio fresco e frutti di bosco disidratati – oltre a fragole essiccate, tannini morbidi e acidità rinfrescante. Fermentato in acciaio inox, 13,16% alcol e imbottigliato a giugno 1998. 
 1980 Imperial Gran Reserva: Come ha detto il CEO Victor Urrutia, il 1980 è stata “un’annata di merda” – ed è sempre rimasta all’ombra del 1981 e del 1982. Assaggiando il vino oggi, probabilmente è giusto – tuttavia resta un vino impressionante. Il naso ha un accento nettamente erbaceo, mentolato, sulla dolcezza del frutto – fragole macerate, con un accenno balsamico. I tannini offrono ancora mordente, mentre il frutto vira verso toni più scuri e di rovo verso il finale. Fermentato in cemento, 13,4% alcol e imbottigliato a maggio 1985. 
 1970 Imperial Gran Reserva: L’annata 1970 fu calda e produsse vini potenti – guadagnandosi la reputazione di una delle migliori annate della Rioja. Dopo oltre 50 anni, il vino è intensamente saporito – combinando soia, marmite e sentori di stalla con frutto scuro intenso. Con l’aria, il vino offre strati di spezie (quasi reminiscenti della paprika), bacon frazzles e mandorle affumicate, a complemento del concentrato nucleo di frutto. È intenso ma equilibrato, con acidità brillante che mantiene tutto fresco e riempie il lungo finale. Fermentato in cemento, 12,97% alcol e imbottigliato a marzo 1975. 
 1968 Imperial Gran Reserva: Da un’annata più difficile, il 1968 Imperial ha un naso affascinante che combina senza soluzione di continuità il salato e il dolce – con una ricchezza terrosa che siede accanto a frutto di bosco intriso d’incenso e una gradevole nota erbacea. Il palato è elegante e vibrante, con ancora molta frutta che guida attraverso il suo nucleo, mentre note più saporite e affumicate dominano il finale. Fermentato in cemento, 12,7% alcol e imbottigliato ad aprile 1974. 
 1959 Imperial Gran Reserva: L’annata 1959 è un’altra tra le più lodate della Rioja, sebbene sospetto che questa bottiglia non si sia espressa al meglio. C’è una morbidezza e intensità al palato, con una spinta acida affilata, mentre il naso è dominato da cuoio, liquirizia nera e sentori di stalla. Fermentato in cemento, 13% alcol e imbottigliato a febbraio 1968. 
 1947 Imperial Gran Reserva: Un vino straordinario da assaggiare, il 1947 CVNE Imperial ha una reputazione – che questa bottiglia ha più che confermato. Note di caffè e tabacco con frutto brillante – ciliegia rossa matura e lampone, oltre a fiori, incenso, tè nero e salvia, accanto a un profumo affumicato. È lungo e fresco al palato, senza soluzione di continuità e pienamente risolto ma puro e persistente, con un accento di Bovril sul finale che è vibrante e lungo. Splendido ora – bevetelo finché ne avete l’occasione. Fermentato in cemento, 12,4% alcol e imbottigliato ad agosto 1960. 
 Esplora tutte le etichette CVNE, inclusa una gamma di vecchie annate di Imperial Gran Reserva, o leggi altro Editorial

All'inizio di questo mese, CVNE ha ospitato una degustazione irripetibile del suo Imperial Gran Reserva. Sophie Thorpe esplora cosa rende questo vino così speciale e come si è evoluto nel corso di otto decenni.

Exploring CVNE’s flagship Gran Reserva Rioja, Imperial, back to 1947 at a once-in-a-lifetime tasting with CEO Victor Urrutia 

Tasting CVNE’s Imperial Gran Reserva Rioja 2018-1947 

Un'icona attraverso i secoli: Imperial Gran Reserva di CVNE

Come abbiamo commentato nel nostro rapporto del 2022, le annate a Napa sembrano essere sempre più definite da condizioni estreme. La vendemmia 2023, tuttavia, è stata – come l’ha descritta Neil Bernardi MW, COO di Colgin – “notevolmente non notevole”.
 “È stata un’annata calma e controllata”, ha detto la produttrice Cathy Corison, che vinifica con la sua etichetta eponima dal 1987. “Non c’è stato nulla che ti costringesse a intervenire. Non faceva né troppo freddo, né troppo caldo, né pioveva. Abbiamo avuto il lusso del tempo.” Per la Corison, è stata un’annata esemplare, facilmente una delle sue preferite – anche se non è ancora pronta a dichiararla la migliore della sua carriera (almeno per ora). E non è la sola: in tutta la valle, si sono moltiplicate le voci entusiaste, con molti che considerano la 2023 una delle migliori annate della storia recente. Il clima dell’anno è stato insolitamente fresco a tratti, ma nel complesso senza eventi significativi. Guardando ai mesi precedenti la stagione vegetativa, tuttavia, la California settentrionale ha ricevuto livelli di pioggia storici. Con un clima mediterraneo classico, le regioni vinicole della California vivono estati calde e secche, e la maggior parte delle piogge cade tra ottobre e aprile. Negli anni di siccità del 2020 e 2021, Napa ha ricevuto appena 8 e 10 pollici di pioggia rispettivamente. L’annata 2022 ha portato un sollievo tanto atteso, con 26 pollici di pioggia misurati a Oakville – praticamente nella media rispetto agli ultimi 10 anni. I record sono stati però infranti nel 2023, con un incredibile totale di 58 pollici di pioggia registrati tra la fine del 2022 e l’inizio della vendemmia 2023. I bacini locali si sono riempiti fino a traboccare e molti vigneti nelle aree più basse sono rimasti sott’acqua durante l’inverno. Le piogge sono proseguite fino a maggio, intervallate da fitte nebbie e, con i suoli saturi e cieli coperti, il germogliamento è stato ritardato di circa due settimane. Sebbene la maggior parte dei produttori sul fondovalle abbia riportato un’ottima allegagione e carichi d’uva superiori alla media, non è stato così ovunque. Sulla Spring Mountain, presso la Philip Togni Vineyard, la vinificatrice Lisa Togni ha spiegato che le tempeste arrivano prima in questa zona, dove le nubi si soffermano più a lungo. Umidità e vento possono ostacolare l’impollinazione, riducendo il numero di acini per grappolo. Le rese, pur non essendo storicamente basse, sono state comunque inferiori alla media nel 2023. Al contrario, Sam Kaplan, enologo di Arkenstone e Memento Mori, ha riferito di aver dovuto diradare “in modo aggressivo” durante la stagione di crescita, a causa di rese potenziali più alte del normale e grappoli grandi e perfettamente formati. Le temperature primaverili sono state più fresche della media, una tendenza che è proseguita per tutta l’estate. A giugno e luglio, le temperature non hanno mai superato i 32°C – fatto altamente insolito rispetto a ogni annata dell’ultimo decennio. Ad agosto le temperature sono salite leggermente, ma senza eventi di caldo estremo. “Le cose peggiori possono accadere nella prima settimana di settembre”, ha osservato l’enologo e viticoltore Steve Matthiasson. La maggior parte dei produttori di Napa trattiene il respiro durante il weekend del Labor Day, ormai tristemente noto per ondate di calore e incendi. Nel 2023, però, il maltempo non si è manifestato. Temperature moderate, leggermente inferiori alla media, sono persistite per tutto settembre, e le uve sono rimaste a lungo sulla vite, accumulando lentamente zuccheri e aromi. Per molti produttori, la sfida più grande del 2023 è stata la pazienza. Dopo gli improvvisi picchi di calore degli ultimi anni, la Togni era pronta per la vendemmia già il 15 agosto. Due volte ha fissato le date di raccolta, solo per annullarle all’ultimo momento, quando nuove analisi mostravano che la maturazione non era ancora ideale. La vendemmia è infine iniziata alla Philip Togni Vineyard il 2 ottobre – una grande differenza rispetto al 2022, quando era cominciata il 23 agosto. Con il progredire della stagione di raccolta e le temperature ancora stabili, la possibilità di pioggia diventava una preoccupazione, dato che l’uva sarebbe rimasta a maturare fino a metà ottobre o oltre, a seconda del sito. Anche questa volta, però, la pioggia non è arrivata. “È stato tutto perfetto”, ha dichiarato Mike Smith, enologo di Myriad, notando che, sebbene le condizioni del 2023 fossero insolite rispetto alla storia recente, in molti modi rappresentavano un ritorno a una normalità più antica. “Nessuno sotto i quarant’anni ha probabilmente mai visto un’annata così,” ha detto. “Sono più abituati a caldo e siccità.” Smith ha iniziato la raccolta per Myriad il 5 ottobre, circa tre settimane più tardi rispetto alle annate recenti. Si chiede, tuttavia, se altri produttori non abbiano iniziato troppo presto – un dubbio condiviso da Kaplan, che ha notato una mancanza di densità al centro del palato in alcuni vini, forse frutto di decisioni prese seguendo troppo il calendario, viste le tendenze recenti. In alcune tenute la raccolta era ancora in corso ai primi di novembre. Da Colgin, Bernardi ha dichiarato che la loro pazienza è stata premiata: “Quando abbiamo vendemmiato, sentivamo che ogni vite era al massimo di ciò che poteva dare. L’allineamento tra zuccheri e composti fenolici era fenomenale.” Ha aggiunto che, dopo la raccolta, le foglie sono subito ingiallite, segno che la vite aveva completato il ciclo vegetativo. Non ci sono state preoccupazioni per le rese – l’abbondante acqua e la stagione fresca non le hanno ridotte, e la maggior parte dei produttori ha riportato quantità superiori alla media, soprattutto sul fondovalle. La qualità dell’uva è stata uniformemente eccellente, con acidità naturali e tannini abbondanti. Smith ha elogiato il colore e la densità dei 2023, sottolineando che l’estrazione è stata rapida e la fermentazione regolare. Kaplan ha invece dovuto prestare attenzione a mantenere corpo e struttura nei vini, gestendo le fermentazioni per bilanciare frutto e tannino. Molti produttori hanno anche lodato il profilo aromatico dei 2023. In annate più calde, come la 2022, molte note delicate tendono a svanire, ha spiegato Tony Biagi, enologo di Patria e Hourglass. Nel 2023, la combinazione di frutti rossi e neri, insieme a note floreali, ha dato vita a vini altamente profumati. Secondo Biagi, i 2023 offrono “potenza e finezza spettacolari”, con tutto ciò che serve per essere “un’annata superlativa” – vini capaci di invecchiare per almeno 30 anni. Ciò che potrebbe distinguere i vini del 2023 è l’alto livello di “finesse ed eleganza”, come ha descritto Andy Erickson di Favia. Pur ritenendo che il 2023 non sia la più “californiana” delle annate – almeno secondo gli standard moderni – i vini mostrano una qualità snella e aggraziata al palato, bilanciando potenza e grazia. Bernardi ha elogiato la “sensazione di leggerezza” dei vini di Colgin, qualcosa che, secondo lui, solo le annate più grandi riescono a esprimere. Confrontare il 2023 con altre annate risulta difficile. Più di uno, tra cui Matthiasson, ha detto che la stagione di crescita ricordava quella del 2011 – ma senza le piogge di ottobre che complicarono la raccolta di quell’anno. Lisa Togni ritiene che il 2023 sia un’annata classica di Napa, con condizioni moderate, che sembrano fresche solo in confronto alle annate torride più recenti. Kaplan paragona la purezza del frutto del 2023 a quella del 2018, ma ancora più evidente. “I vini saltano fuori dal bicchiere,” ha detto, “sono così profumati e aromatici.” Per Corison, l’altissimo livello qualitativo del 2023 ricorda il 2001, un’altra annata elegante che continua a evolversi con grazia. Ma il 2023 è davvero “l’annata del secolo”, come si mormora? Nel complesso, la qualità è molto alta. Dopo aver degustato decine di campioni da botte, è chiaro che nel 2023 era probabilmente più difficile fare un vino cattivo che uno buono.
 Anche se l’attenzione è già rivolta al 2023, diversi produttori hanno espresso dispiacere per la rapida svalutazione di altre annate, spesso trascurate per eccesso di semplificazione. La Wineburg di Quintessa ritiene che il 2023 sia senza dubbio un’ottima annata, ma che anche il 2022 lo fosse – ciascun anno ha la propria personalità e potrà attrarre palati diversi. Per Erickson, i vini nascenti del 2024 (un’annata che lo entusiasma particolarmente) saranno più tipicamente californiani, densi e potenti, mentre il 2023 sarà ricordato per la sua finezza e compostezza. Il 2023 è un’annata eccezionale – e i vini conquisteranno soprattutto chi ama uno stile classico. Grazie alla stagione lunga e fresca, molti – se non la maggior parte – dei vini mostrano una qualità bordolese, unendo il frutto puro californiano a freschezza, acidità e un corpo elegante e agile, con “una sensazione di leggerezza” come ha detto Bernardi. I tannini sembrano destinati a integrarsi perfettamente, e c’è una certa sobrietà nei vini che ricorda la Napa di un tempo. La qualità è molto più omogenea – in senso positivo – rispetto alle annate recenti più difficili, dove le differenze di terroir e di decisioni tempestive accentuavano il divario tra chi falliva e chi eccelleva. “Abbiamo visto così tante difficoltà,” ha detto Togni, riferendosi alle sfide del 2020 e 2022, “ma questa è stata una bella conferma che non tutti gli anni saranno difficili: il 2023 è stato un’annata classica, magnifica – un’annata da libro di fiabe.” Napa 2023: l’annata in sintesi Forti piogge invernali e primaverili hanno rifornito le riserve idriche, con una lunga stagione di crescita e una vendemmia tardiva Rese generalmente superiori alla media, soprattutto sul fondovalle Qualità ampiamente coerente in tutta la regione Stagione fresca con maturazione prolungata, che ha prodotto vini eleganti e raffinati Vini dal profilo aromatico intenso, acidità fresca e tannini fini, in uno stile classico che richiama la Napa di un tempo Un’annata eccezionale – una delle migliori, se non la migliore, della storia recente Tenete d’occhio le prime uscite dell’annata 2023 di Napa. Nel frattempo, leggete di più sulla California o esplorate tutte le attuali offerte di Napa.

Da quando l'uva è arrivata in cantina, i viticoltori di Napa hanno nutrito una certa fiducia per l'annata 2023, con voci di grandezza. Ora, con l'uscita dei primi vini dell'anno, scopriamo se l'annata è davvero buona come suggeriscono le voci.

Is 2023 the vintage of the century in Napa? We talk to Corison, Colgin, Arkenstone, Tony Biagi, Steve Matthiasson and more about the year and its wines 

Discover the wines of the 2023 vintage in Napa, California 

Napa 2023: resoconto dell'annata  

If there is one new constant in Napa, it’s that each vintage seems to bring extraordinary conditions – once-in-a-lifetime circumstances now occur with regularity.   In 2020, the historic Glass Fire erupted near the end of harvest, cutting power for many wineries, damaging vineyards, and meaning many producers didn’t release any wine, due to potential smoke taint. The 2021 vintage, on the other hand, was quieter with no wildfire activity; however, the lingering effects of a severe three-year drought caused reduced yields and the need for meticulous water management. Completing a trifecta of climate change issues, the theme of 2022 was neither smoke nor drought, but intense heat.   Unlike the unusually dry winters that preceded the 2020 and 2021 vintages, the winter before the 2022 vintage marked a return to normal rainfall totals. With over 18 inches of rain between the end of harvest and the start of 2022 alone, the three-year drought was broken. Steady rainfall continued into the early months of 2022 and, after a warm spring, budburst and flowering were slightly earlier than normal. The summer progressed in classic Napa Valley fashion, dry and warm, and the ample water levels led to healthy, well-developed canopies, unlike the previous two vintages. Though two minor heat spikes occurred in May and June, both were brief and too early in the season to have significant impact. All of this changed in the first week of September, however, when a major heatwave was predicted. While most white grapes were already harvested, the timing was critical for red grapes, the majority of which were approaching ripeness but needed additional hang time to achieve optimal flavour development and ripeness. The question every winemaker faced was: just how bad would the heat be?   Winegrowers had two choices: act conservatively and harvest whatever was close to maturity, or bet that the fruit would tolerate the heat. Of course, many variables influenced the choice, including vineyard elevation, vine age, access to irrigation and other heat-mitigation techniques such as misters and shade cloth. For later-ripening varieties and cooler sites, there was little choice but to endure the heat with fingers crossed.  For those who chose to wait, the heat spike was both longer and more severe than predicted – record-breaking, even. The first few days of September were hot – with peak temperatures ranging from 32-35̊C – but beginning on 4th September, daily temperatures soared over 38̊C for six critical days. In some lower-lying areas of the valley, historical records were shattered with temperatures surpassing 46̊C.  For winemaker Mike Smith of Myriad Cellars, the decision was stressful, as most of the fruit he works with, including from To Kalon and Dr Crane vineyards on the valley floor, were not fully ripe. Ultimately, he decided to wait. He likens this experience to facing a stronger team on the playing field, where no matter the outcome, the weaker team will become tougher as a result. Though he is pleased with the resulting wines, he says he still wonders what they would have been like if picked earlier.  Other winemakers didn’t wait for the heat to begin, but instead shifted their plans well in advance. At Philip Togni Vineyard on Spring Mountain, winemaker Lisa Togni says she “jumped the gun on harvesting”, starting on 23rd August – the earliest harvest ever in the history of the winery. She was able to harvest one-third of the property before the heatwave began and says the remainder was able to be brought in shortly after the heatwave ended, at optimal ripeness or slightly higher than normal.   When the heat dome settled over Napa Valley, however, some winemakers quickly pivoted. Winemaker Allison Tauziet of Colgin Cellars remembers she was in St Helena every night when the heat began, tasting in the dark, because she was so concerned about losing freshness. “I could sense flavors moving faster than I’d ever seen,” she says. Just a few days into the heatwave, Tauziet made the snap decision to pick all the fruit that was destined for the Cariad and Tychson Hill wines. “We nailed it,” she says, “We got maturity but didn’t sacrifice anything.”    Many small wineries with fewer resources, however, scrambled to find picking crews, as demand surged. As Lisa Togni points out, “Developing a relationship with pickers is critical. When you need them, you really need them.” Fermentation-tank availability was another major concern. With a suddenly very compressed harvest, not every winery had sufficient space to process the fruit.  Even with varied picking decisions, the multitude of microclimates and site variations in Napa Valley also affected outcomes. Elevation helps to mitigate heat, and this was the case on Howell Mountain at Dunn Vineyard, says winemaker Mike Dunn. Located 2,000 feet above the valley floor, temperatures were six or seven degrees (Fahrenheit) cooler, though still “incredibly unusual” and led to fruit with higher-than-average ripeness. He notes that a few of the 2022 lots at Dunn will likely be de-alcoholised, a technique famously adopted by his father Randy Dunn to keep the wines in balance and below his preferred maximum of 14% alcohol. At Sleeping Lady Vineyard in Yountville, a location “hard up against the Mayacamas mountains”, as described by Ad Vivum winemaker Chris Phelps, the natural shading that occurs from about 3pm onwards always shields the grapes from the hot afternoon sun – a feature that proved especially useful in 2022.  On September 10th, the heatwave broke, and just a week later, winemakers were presented with another potential challenge: nearly an inch of rain in one day. This, too, was record-breaking for the month of September, which typically sees little to no rain. The rain event was not enough to be impactful after the long, dry stretch of summer, says Mike Dunn, who instead described it as just enough to wash the dust off the grapes. On Pritchard Hill, the rain measured three quarters of an inch, but Tauziet says it was “not at all a big deal” for Colgin, and the days following were cool and dry, so mildew pressure was low.  Like Mike Smith, Dunn describes the vintage as a learning experience that will help form future decisions. He is considering a sorting table, which Dunn has never used before. “We are one of the few that are that primitive and that is intentional,” he says, noting that while he and his father’s goal has always been to avoid overly homogenous fruit, a vintage like 2022 made avoiding desiccated berries difficult. Similarly, the brutal heat caused Lisa Togni to decide to build a shade structure over the winery’s crush pad, which she describes as a matter of “human safety” in an increasingly warm region.   Other wineries have already adapted to hotter conditions and more frequent heat events. Up on Pritchard Hill at the Colgin estate, where the fruit is typically harvested later – and in 2022, after the heatwave – shade cloths are used across the entire vineyard. Tauziet adds that misters are used on blocks that are more vulnerable, including thinner-skinned Cabernet Sauvignon clones. Rather than irrigate the vine, the misters instead reduce the air temperature inside the canopy.  When it came to managing the fruit in the winery, it seems approaches varied, although the naturally high pH for later-picked fruit posed a potential ferment – with risks of stuck ferments and the associated problems. Many producers said they did little different, although – as mentioned – many emphasised sorting out any dried berries, but it’s a vintage where generalisations are difficult.  Increasingly extreme weather in Napa – whether from fire, drought or heat – makes vintage comparisons to 2022 difficult. Mike Smith sees some similarities with the heatwave at the start of harvest in 2017, however, which also led to opulent, rich concentration of fruit which he also sees in the 2022 wines. Lisa Togni reaches further back, to 1991, for a comparison, noting that it was a very ripe year that wound up evolving gracefully, while Allison Tauziet likens the texture of 2022 to 2002, for the “amazing expression of fruit”, and she doesn’t see any reason to disparage the wines. “It’s kind of shocking that I really like them,” she says, noting that, despite the stress of the vintage, “there’s a lot of what we’re always seeking: flavor, minerality and perfume.”  Coming after the highly structured 2021 vintage, which was marked by densely packed tannins, the 2022 wines are likely to please those seeking more immediate pleasure. The word “soft” is one that Chris Phelps uses to describe the wines but cautions that he doesn’t mean that in a derogatory way. “There is a natural hedonistic aspect the 2022s have had in spades since – or even before -- they left the fermenter,” he says. “The wine is fresh and has been charming since it was in juice form prior to fermentation. There's plenty of acid for vibrancy and tension, but with just a very slight touch higher pH.”  Most of the wines we’ve tasted so far share a bold style, with opulent layers of fruit and supple tannins. It’s important to note, however, that this is clearly not a homogenous vintage. Vineyard location and aspect were crucial, with higher elevations and those areas better shielded from the sun faring better. It’s clear that the line between fully ripe and overly ripe fruit flavours is razor-thin in this tricky vintage, with many wines showing notes of cooked, even desiccated fruit – not surprising, given the conditions. But collectors should certainly not be put off the vintage, as many other wines show excellent balance and a juicy, friendly exuberance that makes them very pleasurable even in their youth.  The 2022 vintage began as routine, but – in what seems be the new normal in Napa – shifted virtually overnight, forcing winemakers to make quick decisions based on their own unique location and combination of contributing factors. While the resulting wines will share some characteristics, the 2022s are formed by their microclimate, as well as the resources and quick decision-making skills of the winemakers. Lisa Togni also credits her successful harvest to another factor: sheer luck. Much like 2021, when fire licked the edges of the Togni property but spared her parents’ house and the winery, Togni is grateful above all else. “I feel for everyone who didn’t have the luck we did,” Togni says. “2022 was a reminder to be ever vigilant. You can’t relax even for a minute anymore.”    Napa 2022: the vintage in brief   Ample winter rainfall ended a three-year drought The bulk of the growing season was uneventful, with normal temperatures and rainfall  Beginning the first week of September, a record-breaking heatwave lasted six days  Yields are lower than average, though not as low as the drought-impacted 2021  Quality is heterogenous, with the wineries that were able to make quick picking decisions impacted less by the heatwave  The best wines are opulent, dense and concentrated, with a juicy exuberance that makes them approachable early  The 2022 wines from some estates are now being released; keep your eyes out for Schrader and Double Diamond, launching soon 

A year of extreme conditions, 2022 demanded much of Napa’s producers. Rachael Ryan – Senior Buyer for our US arm, Vinfolio – spoke to the region’s top producers about the vintage, reporting on the growing season and the wines 

Your essential guide to the 2022 vintage in California’s Napa Valley, with information from Togni, Ad Vivum, Myriad, Dunn and Colgin

Napa 2022 vintage report

Napa 2022: the bold and the brave 

Old, low-yielding vines. I’ve written that phrase more times than I’d like to confess. But how much does it really mean when it comes to the quality of the wine in your glass? The 2023 vintage in Burgundy (read our full vintage report here) produced generous yields. In farming terms, that’s a good thing: a plentiful crop that restocks the cellars (and coffers). But the sheer volume of fruit (“a wall of grapes”, as Bouchard’s winemaker Frédéric Weber told us) posed its own challenge – and much of our time in the region’s cellars this year was spent diving into how they managed, or controlled, the yield. It seemed fitting, therefore, to address the topic in greater detail.  In the Old World, appellation rules will limit yields, with the yield generally decreasing as you move up the appellation system (see below a table detailing the maximum yields for Burgundy, for example). Of course, this indicates a relationship between yield and quality, implying less is better – and there is no doubt that excessive yields don’t produce fine wine. But how low is too low? There is a fashion for prizing vines that barely manage to ripen a bunch or two, but do they really make better wine than those producing a decent crop? Beyond our obsession with rarity, what are the consequences of less fruit per vine – and therefore, what does more entail? A note on measuring yield Before we get into the weeds of the matter, let’s address how we talk about yield. In the Old World, the most common measurement of yield is hectolitres per hectare (hl/ha), measuring the volume of juice or wine per hectare of vineyard area. In Champagne the standard measure is kilos per hectare and in Italy you may see reference to quintales per hectare (qt/ha or q/ha, with one quintal translating to 100kg), while in the US, producers are more likely to use tons per acre. We’ll dive further into the many variables here, but it’s worth highlighting that vine density isn’t taken into account by any of these measurements. Although a higher number of vines per hectare will generally mean a higher yield across the vineyard, the increased competition will also likely reduce the yield per vine. For this article, we have spoken to producers from a range of regions, but do note that yields are not comparable between varieties or region. Climate – with heat, sunlight and water availability, as well as the varying size of berries and clusters of any given variety, mean that there is no number that can be deemed a global average when it comes to yield. (Do look at this table compiled by the Wine Advocate’s William Kelley, comparing vine density, cluster weight and juice yields for various classic fine wine regions, to give you an idea of the differences between regions.) Given this, “high” and “low” yields aren’t equated to specific numbers here, but the concept discussed more broadly – and arguably more relevantly for those of us drinking wine rather than making it. Bearing all of this in mind, extremely approximate conversions can be made as follows: one tonne per hectare is approximately 7hl/ha, while one ton per acre is around 17.5hl/ha (Oxford Companion to Wine). Yields: how low is too low? “It’s not extreme mythology: low yields produce better quality,” Cerbaiona’s Matthew Fioretti tells me; for him, high yields risk dilution and sanitary problems – and at excessive levels, that is certainly true. But, as Myriad’s Mike Smith told me, the relationship is “not linear”. Mike Dunn (Dunn Vineyards) generally has low yields, but that’s not necessarily about concentration, he explains: it’s simply about how much they can ripen before winter hits. Up on Napa’s Howell Mountain, their poor soils and farming (avoiding irrigation and fertilisation where they can) naturally produce lower yields. He recently changed some of their Cabernet Sauvignon to cane (rather than cordon) pruning and, although they’re getting more fruit off the same vines, there’s been no loss in quality. “It’s all relative,” says Ivan Massonnat at Belargus in Anjou. He points to Saumur with its limestone soils, where producers can crop 45-50hl/ha without a problem, but on the schist soils that lie beneath his vineyards: “Forget about doing much more than 30-35hl/ha,” he says. And even that has proven challenging for him. In the seven vintages he’s produced at the estate, only two have come close to 30hl/ha, with the average around 15hl/ha, simply due to the challenges of each vintage. He’d have loved to crop more – but nature had other ideas, and vignerons have to adapt to the vintage. Massonnat explains how if you farm to produce yields that are overly low, you can end up with fruit that has high technical, or sugar, maturity, but isn’t yet phenolically ripe – leading to unbalanced wines. Smith echoes this, talking specifically about Beckstoffer Dr Crane, one of Napa’s legendary vineyards, which he finds likes to produce more – around five tons an acre (versus four in most of the vineyards he works with). He sees producers cropping to just three tons per acre there, and in warm vintages the fruit ripens too quickly for the phenolics to catch up. Philippe Bascaules – who was first appointed Estate Director at Ch. Margaux in 1990 – offers an interesting perspective, arguing that there’s no direct relationship between yield and quality. In Bordeaux in the 1970s, he tells me, yields were consistently low – 25-30hl/ha, with wines that were inconsistent. As the wines became more popular, with demand from the US in particular for the 1982 vintage, producers started aiming for significantly higher yields and chaptalizing much more. Soon, average yields had doubled to 50-60hl/ha – a level that was unsustainable, especially in challenging vintages such as 1992, ’93 and ’94. Gradually they implemented changes, introducing green-harvesting (in 1986 at Ch. Margaux) and reducing fertilisation levels in the 1990s. Today, he and his team aim for around 45hl/ha, “a good production” in his mind – but a level which also offers insurance against inclement conditions. Lowering yields is something that, for him, has brought greater consistency to both the estate and region across vintages – ensuring they can ripen the crop each year. Deliberately reducing the yield beyond this, however, wouldn’t offer any serious benefit, he says. Similarly, across the Durantou family’s estates on the Right Bank, including Ch. l’Eglise-Clinet, Noëmie Durantou Reilhac targets a yield of circa 42hl/ha. “The vine wants to produce fruit,” she says, “so if the yield is really, really low, something went wrong.” For her, it’s the balance that matters most. With very high yields, the resulting wines will lack concentration (“You cannot make in tanks what nature hasn’t done before,” she says), but equally if the berries are so small that there is barely any juice, you’ll have little but tannins left to work with. And, while hail or frost will reduce your yield, they won’t result in greater concentration. “I think it just comes down to stress,” Dunn tells me. And that’s a common thread for several producers, arguing that vines need to struggle to produce quality. As Sébastien le Golvet – of Champagne Henri Giraud, who works with the poor soils of Aÿ – says, “genii are born of suffering”. Suffering doesn’t always mean lower yields, however: arguably, Dunn says, in high-vigour sites, keeping higher yields will help increase stress, pushing the vine to work harder – and therefore produce higher quality. Elements impacting yield While it’s impossible for us to address every factor that influences yield, it’s worth – relatively briefly – highlighting a few additional influences beyond site (with poorer or richer soils), variety and vintage: Trellising: Trellising – the shape in which a vine is trained – can be used to control yield. At Cerbaiona, Fioretti emphasises how using alberello or bush vines is key to helping contain Sangiovese’s natural vigour. At Tiberio, Cristiana Tiberio’s oldest vines are pergola-trained, with a traditional Abruzzese system that encourages competition but also increases the canopy to aid photosynthesis and ripening. Vine material/rootstock: The material used in a vineyard is integral (as with Quinta do Noval’s Nacional vineyard, see below). Mike Dunn, for example, mentioned how one of his older vineyards was planted on St George rootstock, known for shatter and therefore limiting yields even further. Jean-Marie Fourrier (Domaine Fourrier) argues that the use of selected clones, rather than massal selection, has resulted in higher yields and the need to green harvest, something that he never does – aided further by the age of his vines (see below for more on this). Vine age: There’s no doubt that the element of vine age is conflated with yields and quality, with older vines often producing better fruit – but less of it. As Mike Dunn told me, the wines from his oldest vines are “more intriguing”, but at some point economics comes into play, and the level of production is financially unsustainable. It’s another non-linear relationship, however, as Durantou Reilhac explains: “Some 70-year-old grandmas can run and dance, and others are weaker.” Although most old vines will produce less fruit, she finds it’s far from uniform in her vineyards – and sometimes there will be young vines that produce less. Virus and millerandage: Virused vines will produce lower yields, and as with old vines, will reach a point where they are unsustainable. While on the surface virus is negative, certain producers do value the reduction in yield or slower ripening that is a result of disease – South Africa’s Hamilton Russell being one (with leafroll virus). Quinta do Noval persists with its own-rooted Nacional vineyard, suffering from phylloxera, with the vines slowly dying and yielding tiny volumes, to produce a particularly special and rare Vintage Port. Similarly, millerandage is a condition most commonly a consequence of poor weather at fruit-set, producing grape clusters with unevenly sized grapes, combining larger and smaller (or shot) berries – sometimes referenced as hen-and-chick. While this reduces yield, the phenomenon is sometimes valued for giving increased concentration to wine. Indeed, some particular clones – such as the Mendoza, Wente or Gingin clones of Chardonnay – are valued for their bunches with hen-and-chicks, and Bret Brothers, for example, even makes a special Cuvée Millerandée – with millerandée Chardonnay – from Les Quarts (a Pouilly-Vinzelles site recently awarded Premier Cru status). Cover crops: At Henri Giraud, Sébastien le Golvet feels that cover crops are essential to the quality of their fruit – and the yield. Sewn just before harvest, the cover crops provide competition up until flowering when they roll the grass mix, creating a bed that holds water and offers nitrogen to the soils, acting as a natural fertiliser – in a way both moderating then fuelling the vines’ growth. This is one hint at the extent to which the type of soils and level of organic matter, not to mention water availability, dictated by site and the farming methods, are all key. The previous vintage: There are two theories at play here. Firstly, conditions during what is known as the initiation phase of the vine cycle, which takes place alongside flowering, will dictate the yield of the following vintage. In 2023 in Burgundy for example, one of the factors in yield was that the spring of 2022 offered perfect conditions, laying the groundwork for 2023’s plentiful crop. As Sébastien le Golvet also explained, however, a large crop in one vintage can tire the vines, meaning they have less to give the following year. How wine producers manage yield The vine naturally wants to reproduce, to grow, ripen fruit and spread its seeds. Vignerons are tasked with taming the plant to focus its energies to develop fruit of concentration and complexity that will make fine wine. This is done in many ways, some of which include: Pruning: The first stage to set up the yield in an existing vineyard is pruning, leaving the appropriate number of buds per vine for the season ahead. The timing of this varies according to the producer, from December through to March, with later pruning helping delay the vine cycle, which is sometimes desirable. Alvina Pernot, for example, specifically pruned her vines shortly (ie to offer a lower crop) in 2023 to help the vines recover from the relatively high-yielding 2022 vintage. Lalou Bize-Leroy famously works with very low yields, and emphasises how important pruning is in this (Domaine Leroy harvested just under 30hl/ha in 2023, its highest ever yield – a number which would still be low by many producers’ standards). De-budding or suckering: In spring, producers will de-bud or sucker the vines, removing lateral shoots and providing further control of the potential yield, as well as the spacing and position of the crop. In 2023 in Burgundy, many producers emphasised how important this was. Hugues Pavelot described it as “drastic”, while Philippe Jouan passed through his vines twice. At Bouchard, Frédéric Weber explained how some of the buds produced two or three bunches in 2023 (rather than the normal one), meaning that even with extensive de-budding yields were very high. Green harvesting: Green-harvesting is the most discussed method of yield control, and one that divides producers. We spoke to several Burgundian vignerons who avoid it (Dominique Lafon, Jacques Devauges at Domaine des Lambrays, Philippe Jouan and Jean-Marie Fourrier, to name a few) – some of whom felt that they had no choice but to use the method in 2023, despite their best efforts. The reason against green-harvesting is that the vine will try to compensate, and that it can be avoided with managing the vineyard in other ways. That said, there are many top-tier producers that green-harvest, and feel it is key to the quality they produce (Ch. Margaux, Eglise-Clinet, Georges Noëllat and Olivier Bernstein, to name a few). And it’s not a decision that any take lightly, well aware that they are literally throwing away potential income. At Cerbaiona, Fioretti compares the vines to runners or cyclists – needing to carry as little weight as possible to get over the finish line. With Sangiovese, he finds it’s unavoidable, especially with the presence of “wings” or “shoulders” (smaller separate clusters that sit on the shoulder of the main bunch). The timing is key, and many producers emphasise the importance of green-harvesting early in the season. For Noëmie Durantou Reilhac, she aims to have this done prior to véraison to avoid twisting the stems (which would impact sap flow) and damaging the skins of the remaining bunches. She’ll do a final pass through her vineyards just before harvest, but this is a method of sorting rather than impacting the ripeness of the grapes on the vine. “There’s a certain point where you can reduce fruit, say a month away from picking, but it won’t do anything,” says Myriad’s Mike Smith. Like many producers, he favours green-harvesting mid-véraison to drop anything that is behind, helping even the ripeness of the crop – as Bascaules does at Ch. Margaux. In 2023, several Burgundy producers highlighted having to do multiple passes to reduce the crop – doing what was sometimes referred to as a “pink” or “blue” harvest on top of a green harvest. Canopy management: A vine’s leaves are its engine – responsible for photosynthesis. The larger the canopy, the larger the engine, therefore trimming the vine’s canopy can help lower its vigour, while keeping a larger leaf area can help encourage vigour. This needs to be considered alongside airflow (to avoid disease pressure) and shading of the bunches (which could delay ripening). If the canopy isn’t balanced with the volume of fruit, it can also negatively impact fruit composition – especially the acid make-up and development of colour and phenolics. Ivan Massonnat (Belargus) explained that in 2022 and 2023, for example, he used a high trellis, allowing a larger leaf area, to capture maximum light and photosynthesis to fuel the vines; but in 2022 he did the opposite, wanting to reduce the size of the “sugar machine”. It has, he notes, become common for large canopies to be used alongside low yields, especially by producers in Burgundy, something he feels has gone too far at certain addresses: “You can kill a wine with concentration,” he says. Some argue that trimming the canopy can encourage it to grow further, while others want to retain a large canopy to encourage root growth (Olivier Lamy feels that the vine has the same amount of growth above and below ground, therefore wanting to retain his canopy to the roots to drive deep into the soil). Lamy is one of a cohort of producers using “tressage”, or braiding, to tame the canopy – a technique pioneered by Lalou Bize-Leroy. For her the aim is to avoid cutting the apex (or growing tip) which would otherwise encourage the growth of lateral shoots. Producers such as Charles Lachaux have taken this even further, training vines to a single stake (more common on the steep slopes of Priorat, Côte-Rôtie or the Mosel) and weaving the shoots into distinctive arches.  The relationship between yield and quality is undoubtedly a tricky one – and one that every producer I spoke to feels is deeply complex. We couldn’t touch on everything here (the tiny yields for botrytised sweet wines, for example, or typically higher yields used for sparkling wine), but there’s plenty to consider. While it remains clear that excessive yields can produce dilute wines, with so many variables play, it’s also clear that less isn’t always better. Read more Editorial

Burgundy’s vignerons were blessed with quantity in 2023, but – when it comes to making fine wine – how much is too much? We spoke to a host of top producers to find out if low yields really do mean better quality

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To Kalon. For any Californian winemaker, those two words represent the Holy Grail. This vineyard in Oakville, Napa, is undeniably the region’s most famous. Perched at the foot of the Mayacamas, west of Highway 29, this site has been recognised for producing fine wine since the 19th century. Literally translating as the “highest beauty” or “highest good” from Greek, today To Kalon is home to some of Napa’s oldest vines and best Cabernet Sauvignon. “This is a Grand Cru – a premier property,” Paul Hobbs tells me, a winemaker who has a long history with the site. As a grad student at UC Davis, Hobbs would swipe the second crop from a vineyard on Walnut Drive – what happened to be BV4, Beaulieu Vineyard’s original block of To Kalon. At Mondavi – the largest holder of the hallowed site – he got to walk the rows more legitimately, and used those holdings to build Opus One – the company’s joint venture with Ch. Mouton Rothschild (although the association with the site has generally been played down). Under his own label, he’s been making wine from the Beckstoffer section of the vineyard since 1999 – and his wines, along with those from Schrader, were some of the early bottlings that put the vineyard firmly on the fine wine map, earning high scores – and lots of attention. Indeed, it was a Paul Hobbs wine that made Tor Kenward believe the vineyard was truly special. André Tchelistcheff had spoken to Kenward about BV4, but it was one of Hobbs’s bottlings that made him realise its potential. He started working with Beckstoffer plots from 2005. 
“It’s not visually impressive; it doesn’t have that ‘wow factor’,” Kenward tells me. But start digging below the surface, and you realise that you’re in the “tenderloin of Napa”, with old creek beds that run through the site. It’s an alluvial fan that runs down from the Mayacamas, sitting almost on a bench – with very little elevation. But the soils here are varied, with deep, well-drained gravels that make it perfect for Cabernet Sauvignon.  Andy Erickson – a winemaker whose resume includes Screaming Eagle, Harlan, Dalla Valle, Mayacamas and many more – first worked with the site in 2012, on a single-barrel charity lot for an auction at his children’s school. When Constellation (owners of Mondavi and co-owners of Opus One) called him to give him the chance to work with it again in 2016, he didn’t hesitate. That year, he made the first wine for the To Kalon Vineyard Company – a project that is a revival of the brand created by H.W. Crabb (known variously as Henry Walker, Hiram Walker or Hamilton Walker Crabb) in 1886, the vineyard’s godfather. “Most people know the recent history of the vineyard, and the acclaim of the wines from the past 15-20 years. But the vineyard was known for producing remarkable wines all the way back in the late 19th century. Clearly there is something there,” Erickson says.  But this vineyard is weighed down with controversy – its borders endlessly debated, with producers vying for use of the To Kalon name.  The history of the To Kalon Vineyard It’s impossible to look at To Kalon today without tracing its origins. H.W. Crabb came west from Ohio during the Gold Rush, spending six months digging in the Sierras before settling in Oakville in 1868, buying 240 acres of land at the corner of Highway 29 and Walnut Drive. He planted a wide range of crops, first making wine in 1872 under the name Hermosa Vineyards (“hermosa” meaning “beautiful” in Spanish). In 1881, he acquired another 119 acres from Eliza Yount (whose name lives on in Yountville). On land to the west of his plots, owned by John Davis, he planted additional vines – buying the fruit off Davis to feed his increasing production. In 1886, he gave his company a new name: “To Kalon Vineyard Company” – and the legend was born. Crabb reportedly said, “The name To-Kalon… means the highest beauty, or the highest good, but I try to make it mean the boss vineyard.”
 To Kalon Vineyard Company rapidly became one of the region’s largest – and most well-respected – wine producers. His wines started winning awards at competitions around the world, and he was the first to start selling wine along the East Coast. He had planted a huge range of grapes – around 400 different varieties, including Malvasia, Riesling, Chasselas, Muscat, Refosco and Cabernet Sauvignon, with the latter in particular thriving. In 1889, he bought 168 acres on the hillside to the south, close to where Harlan is now based, although it was never planted with vines during Crabb’s lifetime. In 1891, Crabb bought Davis’s 135 acres (from which he’d already been buying the fruit). In total, Crabb had more than 359 acres.  But his success wasn’t to last – phylloxera arrived in the late 19th century, and recession along with it. In 1898, Crabb sold the 135 acres he’d bought just eight years earlier – and died one year later in 1899. The vines were ripped out, replaced by cherry trees under David Perry Doak in 1911, who in turn purchased another 500 acres of vines from John Benson, south of the border of the original To Kalon (across Oakville Grade Road), which is now all owned by Constellation (used for Mondavi or Opus One). After Crabb’s death, what remained of the To Kalon Vineyard Company was sold to ES Churchill at auction, taken over by his widow Mary Churchill when he died in 1903. Wines continued to be sold under the label until the arrival of Prohibition in 1920. The winery reopened briefly to sell wine in bulk in the 1930s, but the winery building burnt down in 1939. Four years later, Martin Stelling bought most of the property – 337 acres – and replanted. He sold 90 acres to Beaulieu Vineyard (the block that became known as BV4 – and was the plot used by André Tschelistcheff made Georges de Latour Reserve). In 1944, Stelling bought an additional 1,700 acres – the McGill Ranch, which included the parcels owned by Doak (both Crabb’s 1891 parcel and the 500 acres area south of Oakville Grade Road). He named the entire property Tokalon Vineyards, and in 1945 planted Sauvignon Blanc in I Block – the legendary parcel that is today used for Mondavi’s prized, old-vine To Kalon Fumé Blanc.  Tragedy struck again, however, with Stelling killed in a car crash in 1950. The property was once more divided, sold off in pieces by his widow.   
Rosa Mondavi, along with her sons Robert and Peter, purchased 132 hectares in 1962 for the family winery, Charles Krug. After Robert struck out on his own, he bought 12 acres for himself in 1966 (that remained in the Stelling family) – in the northeast corner of the 1968 Crabb parcel, where the Mondavi winery and visitor centre remains today. He bought a further 230 acres in 1968, and then took the Charles Krug section from the rest of his family in 1978. The first time the To Kalon name appeared on a Mondavi label – and the first time since the demise of the To Kalon Vineyard Company – was on the 1986 Fumé Blanc Reserve. The I Block – the Sauvignon Blanc vines planted by Stelling in 1945 – were singled out for the first time in 1995, for the vines’ 50th anniversary. The first red – Mondavi’s To Kalon Reserve Cabernet Sauvignon – appeared with the 1997 vintage. The To Kalon Vineyard’s terroir As already mentioned, To Kalon is largely an alluvial fan that stretches down from the Mayacamas to Highway 29. It is, however, a large piece of land (the exact area depending on where you draw its borders – see below for more on the controversy around this) – and as such the terroir varies considerably. The soils are richer downslope, closer to the Highway; poorer and better-drained higher up (where many – including Hobbs and Kenward – prefer to be). The gravel composition varies with the subtle slope differences and underground water.  “It’s like any cut of meat – there are better parts than others,” Hobbs says. With over 300 original acres (at least), this is a substantial vineyard (for comparison, Clos Vougeot is 125 acres). “It’s great if you have the name To Kalon, but could be pretty average stuff.” The Beckstoffer section is numbered and lettered: A to F, from road to mountain, with A1 south of A2. For Hobbs, he likes the blocks closer to the mountains, and those that aren’t shaded by the huge walnut trees that line Walnut Drive (to the south). Hobbs noted how much warmer Oakville is than Yountville – something he used to notice when driving in the evening home from Oakville to Yountville. The mountains block the sea breezes, meaning that the cooling effect happens, but more slowly. This is partly what makes it such a special place. Tor Kenward similarly prefers some of the middle blocks in B and C, where there are some of the vineyard’s oldest vines, but with lower vigour, as well as the leaner soils closest to the mountains. As for the MacDonald or Horton block: “You could argue it’s every bit as good as Andy’s piece,” Kenward says. It, along with the Detert block, was planted in the 1940s – and in fact those two blocks are now home to some of the valley’s oldest vines. Even closer to the mountains, the gravel content is even higher, and the fruit is picked up to a month earlier than elsewhere in To Kalon. Although until now most of that fruit has been sold to Constellation, there will be opportunity for others to work with it as that contract comes to an end.   
The Beckstoffer plots of To Kalon Andy Beckstoffer bought Beaulieu Vineyard’s block, BV4, in 1993. He’d just lost a prized site – Liparita, on Howell Mountain – when the 89 acres of BV4 came up. He’d worked the site for years and leapt at the opportunity to buy it. “It’s a mystery to me why they sold it,” Paul Hobbs told me, although word on the grapevine was that they needed to liquidate funds – indeed, it was around the same time that Mondavi went public for similar reasons. Phylloxera was once more raging through the region thanks to the widely used, non-resistant AXR rootstock.  The BV4 block was in bad shape when Beckstoffer took it over and he had to replant the entire site. Paul Hobbs was one of the first to use fruit from Beckstoffer’s plots, starting to work with him from 1995/96. “Andy didn’t really realise he had a Grand Cru property,” Hobbs says. Hobbs was given free rein to pick his plots, opting for four or five plots on the western side, furthest from Highway 29. The vineyard produced its first fruit in 1997; 1998 was a difficult year; but in 1999 Hobbs was able to produce his first To Kalon bottling (although it couldn’t say so on the label). “I was loathe to tell people how young it was – but the quality was so good,” Hobbs says, still starry eyed thinking about it. “It was only four years old, but producing stunning wines.” Most fruit is sold on its weight, by the ton, but Andy Beckstoffer created a different model – one that is intricately tied to the vineyard’s name and reputation – and arguably has increased its reputation. Producers who use his fruit pay him 175 times the bottle price per ton, with a ceiling at $50,000/ton; tying the value of the fruit to the value of the final wine. “For producers like me in those days, when I didn’t have the land or ability to buy land, Andy was a saviour of sorts,” Hobbs tells me. “Because I had access to one of the top vineyards in all of Napa. I had to pay – but at least I had access.”
  The To Kalon controversy: how big is it? And is it a brand or a place? Mondavi trademarked the name “To Kalon” in 1988, and “To Kalon Vineyard” in 1994. This gave them the right to use the name on any wine from anywhere – even beyond California – and meant that no one else could use the name, even if they had plots in what was considered the original To Kalon vineyard. The first Beckstoffer bottlings only mentioned the name on the back label; but in 2000, Schrader decided to put it on the front label. The now famous lawsuit commenced. “They shouldn’t have been able to trademark it,” Hobbs tells me. “Anyone from the original To Kalon estate should have the right to the trademark as well.” In 2002, Mondavi sued Schrader for using the name on their Beckstoffer bottling. Countersuing ensued, from both Schrader and Beckstoffer (the latter arguing that Mondavi was misleading clients by using the name for wines made with fruit from beyond the vineyard’s original borders). A settlement – the details of which remain a mystery – was made in 2003, but wines made from the Beckstoffer section can now bear the name “Beckstoffer To Kalon”.  Constellation bought Mondavi in 2004, and then Schrader in 2017. Reportedly attempts were made to trademark “To Kalon Wine Company”, “To Kalon Vineyard Company” and “Rooted in To Kalon” – something, unsurprisingly, that Beckstoffer objected to. The legal battle continues today, with a fight over the naming of To Kalon Creek, and The Vineyard House – owned by Jeremy Nickel, which sits on the 1889 hillside section – arguing for the use of the name as well.  The borders of the vineyard are a constant source of debate – and given the history above, you can see why.  Andy Beckstoffer considers the original To Kalon to be only the parcels bought by Crabb in 1868 and 1881. The 1889 parcel was never planted by Crabb, so most aren’t inclined to include it as “original To Kalon”. The Detert and MacDonald plots, however, aren’t acknowledged by Beckstoffer, but were planted – and, albeit more briefly than other plots, owned by Crabb. Then there’s the “Stelling extension”, the southern section added after Crabb’s death under Martin Stelling, that Mondavi considers part of the original vineyard, but some others do not. Given the sums fruit – and wine – bearing the To Kalon name command, it’s unsurprising that its usage is so disputed.  
To Kalon: what does the wine taste like?  So what makes the wine so special? Why do winemakers fight for the fruit, and consumers for the bottles they produce? Despite the sheer variety of the site, Tor Kenward is adamant that there’s a continuity, with a profile that that site gives Cabernet. He describes it as “wall-to-wall carpeting”, a plushness to the mid-palate, a softness, that means the Cabernet isn’t hard-edged. “There’s something about the ground there,” Andy Erickson agrees. For him, To Kalon has a distinct tannin texture – not as rugged as hillside sites, but richer, with a generosity in the wines. “They are dark, aromatic, but very broad and polished,” he says. “I think the vineyard brings forward many of the complexities of Cabernet Sauvignon, but delivers it in a very approachable and elegant package.” “It’s very identifiable,” Paul Hobbs says. “It’s a structural and textural thing mostly. It’s a freshness to this sort of tannin. It has grip, but it has this uplifting character.” He explains it like a skipping stone – you think you’ve got it, then another wave comes, the wine shifting on the palate. For him, one of the most distinctive things is that Cabernet sings alone here – much better than blended with other varietals. “It didn’t need the help of its brothers,” he says. “It’s a wine that’s at peace with itself… It doesn’t shock you, except in its beauty.”
 Who owns what today in To Kalon? Robert Mondavi: From the original 12 acres, Mondavi now owns 328 acres of To Kalon, including the Stelling extension. Has the rights to use the To Kalon name.  Opus One: The 35-acre Q Block was sold to the joint venture by Mondavi in 1981, with K block acquired in 2008. Although under Constellation’s ownership they could likely use the To Kalon name, Opus One doesn’t trade on this. (To Kalon Vineyard Company uses fruit from Constellation’s holdings, both Opus One and Mondavi plots.) UC Davis: a research block that was key in developing phylloxera-resistant rootstock
Beckstoffer: 89 acres, with fruit sold to a range of producers (currently 23), including Paul Hobbs, Tor Kenward and Schrader. Producers can use the name “Beckstoffer To Kalon” on their labels. MacDonald (sometimes referenced as Horton): Graeme and Alex MacDonald are the current generation, owning 21 acres of the 1891 parcel. When their great-grandparents bought the site in 1954 (along with the Detert plot – see below – from Caroline Stelling, Martin Stelling’s widow) it was planted with cherry trees. Advised by Robert Mondavi, the MacDonalds planted vines. From 1966, they sold grapes to Mondavi – holding some back for personal use from 2004, with the first MacDonald commercial release in 2010 (just 92 cases). Although historically 75% of production here has been sold to Mondavi, I’m led to believe that the contract is coming to a close and won’t be renewed. The MacDonalds can’t use the To Kalon name on their wines currently. Detert: Today owned by Tom Garrett, a cousin of the MacDonalds. This 25-acre plot was bought in 1954, along with the MacDonald parcel – divided between the buyers’ children giving the two plots today. There’s more Cabernet Franc in this section. Most of the fruit is sold to Mondavi (with the contract, as for MacDonald, coming to an end soon), and Detert can’t use the To Kalon name on their wines. The Vineyard House: Many dispute whether or not this is original To Kalon; it’s on the hillside area purchased (but not planted) by Crabb in 1891. This plot is owned by Jeremy Justin Nickel, who is the son of the late Far Niente proprietor Gil Nickel. It’s thought to have first been planted with vines in 1980. They can’t use the To Kalon name on their wines, but have taken court action over the issue.  Wineries with To Kalon bottlings  NB Not all of these will bear the To Kalon name on the label Mondavi Winery, Opus One, To Kalon Vineyard Company, MacDonald, Detert, Alpha Omega, Amici, Alejandro Bulgheroni Estate, AXR, Bacio Divino, B Cellars, Boich Family, Bounty Hunter, Cain Concept, Carter cellars, Ch Boswell, Jacquelynn, Kitchak, Cliff Lede, Morlet, Realm Cellars, Tor Kenward, Paul Hobbs, Schrader Cellars Read more Editorial 

The Napa Valley has many incredible vineyards, but To Kalon undoubtedly sits at the top of the tree. As the To Kalon Vineyard Company releases their latest vintage, Sophie Thorpe delves into the story of this iconic site – from its 19th century origins to the fight to use its hallowed name

Explore the history of To Kalon vineyard – and what makes it such an iconic site today. We spoke to Andy Erickson, Paul Hobbs and Tor Kenward to find out more

The tale of Napa’s iconic To Kalon vineyard

The tale of To Kalon

Tiger Mountain Vineyards

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La tua carta di pagamento è scaduta. Controlla i dati e riprova.

Carta scaduta

Fondi insufficienti per saldare l'importo. Controlla i dati e riprova.

Fondi insufficienti

Questa transazione è stata bloccata dal fornitore di pagamenti per possibile attività fraudolenta.

Transazione bloccata

Scegli un metodo di pagamento diverso e riprova.

Errore sconosciuto

mostra tutti gli articoli che attualmente conservi con noi. Questi articoli possono essere venduti, consegnati o trasferiti.

Presso {shortName}

La tua allocazione verrà annullata. Sei sicuro di voler continuare?

Il tuo articolo pre-ordinato verrà eliminato. Sei sicuro di voler continuare?

La tua richiesta di consegna verrà annullata. Sei sicuro di voler procedere?

rappresenta tutti i vini che sono in tuo possesso e che sono stati consumati.

Questo è il prezzo che hai pagato per questo articolo.

Prezzo di costo

Dopo aver aggiunto il nuovo indirizzo, verrai reindirizzato a questa pagina.

Crea un nuovo indirizzo

La tua notifica verrà eliminata. Sei sicuro di voler continuare?

Il prezzo minimo al quale sei disposto a vendere. Se il prezzo di listino scende al di sotto di questo valore, la tua inserzione verrà rimossa.

mostra tutti gli articoli che hai pre-ordinato, inclusi i vini en primeur, e tutti gli articoli nella tua watchlist.

Futures

È possibile impostare un prezzo minimo per gli articoli in vendita basato su una percentuale del valore netto unitario attuale.

Puoi impostare un prezzo di mercato per gli articoli che stai vendendo basato su una percentuale del valore netto unitario corrente.

mostra tutte le azioni che hai effettuato sugli articoli nel tuo Portafoglio.

raggruppa ogni azione per tipo - Acquisto, Vendita, Consegna e Trasferimento in entrata - così è chiaro a colpo d'occhio cosa è successo a ciascun articolo.

Storico

mostra tutti gli articoli attualmente in transito da o verso {shortName}.

In transito

La consegna locale è gratuita per ordini superiori a 1.800 HK$ (in un'unica destinazione). Per ordini inferiori a questo importo, la consegna costa 150 HK$ fino a quattro casse e 50 HK$ per ogni cassa aggiuntiva.

Le spedizioni partono da €15 in Italia e da €45 verso la Svizzera e il resto d’Europa per un massimo di 48 bottiglie (75 cl). I costi variano in base alla destinazione. Per spedizioni più grandi è possibile richiedere un preventivo.

La data indicata di seguito è quella in cui il tuo ordine verrà spedito dal nostro magazzino locale. La data di consegna finale, insieme ai dettagli completi di tracciamento, ti verrà fornita una volta che il nostro team avrà elaborato la tua richiesta.

Puoi organizzare il ritiro presso il nostro negozio al 22° piano, 8 Wyndham Street, Central Hong Kong.
Gli orari di ritiro sono dalle 9:30 alle 18:00, da lunedì a venerdì.

Puoi organizzare il ritiro presso il nostro magazzino STI INTERNAZIONALE SPA, in Viale del Lavoro 57, 37051 Bovolone, Verona.
Gli orari di ritiro sono dalle 8:30 alle 12:30 e dalle 13:30 alle 17:30, dal lunedì al venerdì. Siamo chiusi nei giorni festivi.

Questo è il valore di mercato stimato attuale per questo articolo.

I prezzi impostati manualmente verranno sovrascritti. I vini già inseriti non sono interessati.

Aggiorna tutti i vini non inseriti al prezzo di mercato corrente.

Imposta tutto al prezzo di mercato

rappresenta tutti i vini attualmente presenti nel tuo Portafoglio che non sono conservati con noi. Premi l'icona

La mia cantina

Nome

Prezzo netto

Nuovo portafoglio disponibile

Nuovo portafoglio

Non hai alcuna fattura in questo momento.

mostra tutti gli articoli del tuo Portafoglio che sono attualmente sul mercato.

In vendita

mostra tutti gli articoli attualmente presenti nel tuo Portafoglio. Da questa pagina puoi eseguire azioni individuali su di essi.

Panoramica

mostra tutti gli articoli attualmente in attesa di un'azione da parte dell'utente.

In sospeso

Questo è il prezzo di mercato dinamico dell'articolo al netto del margine di negoziazione.

Questo è l'importo del profitto che riceverai se la tua inserzione verrà venduta.

I pagamenti pre-autorizzati consentono transazioni automatiche per tuo conto, garantendo pagamenti fluidi e senza complicazioni. Questo permette di elaborare addebiti ricorrenti, abbonamenti o pagamenti programmati senza approvazione manuale ogni volta.

Il numero di casse che desideri mettere in vendita

Il tuo articolo del catalogo verrà archiviato. Sei sicuro di voler continuare?

I tuoi articoli del catalogo verranno archiviati. Sei sicuro di voler continuare?

Prima di richiedere la consegna, puoi modificare la quantità per ciascun articolo nella tua selezione qui sotto.

*Il prezzo di mercato è dinamico e può variare. Al momento della vendita, dal prezzo finale sarà detratta una commissione di negoziazione del 10%.

Prezzo di mercato totale*

Il prezzo fisso personalizzato al quale desideri vendere ciascun articolo.

Dividi in {caseSize} singole bottiglie da {bottleSize}cl.

Titolo

mostra tutti gli articoli che attualmente conservi con noi. Questi articoli possono essere venduti.

Disponibili per la vendita — gli articoli conservati con {name} sono idonei per essere inseriti nel marketplace.

Profilo

Questo articolo si trova presso FINE+RARE.

Questo articolo si trova presso FINE+RARE HOME Hong Kong, ed è disponibile per la consegna o il ritiro in sede. La maggior parte delle consegne a Hong Kong può essere effettuata entro 3 giorni lavorativi; la data esatta sarà comunicata al momento dell'organizzazione della consegna. Le consegne internazionali richiedono tempi più lunghi, ti preghiamo di contattarci per maggiori dettagli.

I vini venduti en primeur saranno rilasciati dal produttore dopo limbottigliamento, tipicamente 18 mesi dopo la fine della cosiddetta campagna. Il tuo vino sarà poi conservato da FINE+RARE in un deposito doganale fino a quando deciderai di richiederne la consegna.

Ci riforniremo di questo articolo al prezzo garantito dalla nostra rete di fornitori e organizzeremo una spedizione rapida a FINE+RARE.
 I tempi di consegna dipendono da molte variabili, ma in genere per un approvvigionamento rapido sono 2-4 settimane.
 Una volta confermato l'ordine, ti terremo aggiornato sulla data di arrivo prevista.
 Ogni articolo viene controllato all'arrivo dal nostro team di esperti e le fotografie sono disponibili su richiesta (si prega di notare che potrebbero essere applicati dei costi).

Reperiremo questo articolo attraverso la nostra rete di fornitori e ne organizzeremo la spedizione a FINE+RARE.
 I tempi di consegna dipendono da molte variabili, ma una stima media è di 6-12 settimane.
 Una volta confermato lordine, ti terremo aggiornato sulla data di arrivo prevista.
 Ogni articolo viene controllato al momento della ricezione dal nostro team di esperti, con fotografie disponibili su richiesta (si prega di notare che potrebbero essere applicati dei costi).

Tiger Mountain Vineyards

Filtro

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