What is Cristal – and who makes it? 
The Grande Marque Champagne Louis Roederer produces Cristal. Founded in 1833, Roederer is the largest independent, family-owned Champagne house today. Cristal is their prestige cuvée – the very best wine they produce, only made in the finest years. Always a vintage wine, it's a blend of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. The current Chef de Cave (and Executive Vice-President) at the house is Jean-Baptiste Lécaillon, who is responsible for the entire Louis Roederer range. When was Cristal first made? The wine is considered the first and original “prestige cuvée”. It was first made for Tsar Alexander II in 1876, after he asked Louis Roederer to reserve the house’s best wine for him and his court. At the time, Roederer was one of the few house’s to own its own vineyards (a legacy that continues today). A gold capsule and label was used to indicate that the wine was the best in the range, as was common at the time. Reportedly, the Tsar lived in fear of assassination – and as such requested that the wine be bottled in clear glass, so that he could see if it had been poisoned, and with a flat bottom so that bombs couldn’t be contained in the punt (the traditional indent in the base of Champagne bottles). The glass used was lead-crystal – giving the wine its name, “Cristal”. When the Russian Revolution took place in 1917 and the Tsars were no more, Roederer continued to make the wine – releasing it commercially for the first time in 1945. Although the wine would originally have been sweet, the dry style of Champagne gradually became more popular (made initially for the English market) and Cristal evolved with the fashion. Today it is one of the most sought-after Champagnes in the world, alongside other prestige cuvées such as Taittinger’s Comtes de Champagne, Dom Pérignon, Krug, Pol Roger’s Sir Winston Churchill, Veuve Clicquot’s La Grande Dame and Bollinger’s Grande Année. How is Cristal made? Until 1999, Cristal was blended solely on taste. Different parcels from Roederer’s estate vineyards were tasted blind and the best-possible wine created. From 1999 onwards, however, Jean-Baptiste Lécaillon took over and started using the same 45 plots, all mid-slope with chalky soils across seven different Grands Crus. These plots have all been farmed biodynamically since 2012. Only fruit from vines more than 20 years old is used for the prestige cuvée, with any younger-vine fruit declassified to the Collection bottlings (the estate’s vintage, Blanc de Blancs and rosé wines all come from specific vineyards). Typically, it’s a blend of around 40% Chardonnay and 60% Pinot Noir. The base wines are mainly fermented in stainless steel, with a proportion in oak. The wine undergoes secondary fermentation and is aged on lees for a minimum six years, then aged for at least eight months after disgorgement prior to release. With climate change and general trends in Champagne, the dosage has been reduced – from 12-13 to around 8g/l today. The final blend is still blind-tasted by the family to ensure the wine is up to scratch. Around 300,000 to 400,000 bottles of Cristal are made a year. 
What does Cristal taste like? Cristal is an incredible Champagne – and one of the most age-worthy. With vibrant acidity and refined minerality, it is a linear and precise style of Champagne that rewards time in bottle. Complex, expressive and aromatic, critics have awarded the wine multiple 100-point scores over the years – notably the 2002 and 2008 vintages. To further emphasise its ageability, in 2017 Louis Roederer released the first of a new series of Vinothèque bottlings – aged both longer on lees and then for a further 10 years on cork. The first Vinothèque wines were from the 1995 vintage, but wines from 1996, 1997, 1999 and 2000 have since also been released. These are available in extremely limited volumes, but offer a taste of the wines with maturity. They tend to have a slightly lower dosage than the earlier-released wines. Is Cristal rosé? Yes and no. The original prestige cuvée is a white wine, however a rosé sibling was introduced with the 1974 vintage, created by Jean-Claude Rouzaud. The wine celebrates old-vine Pinot Noir from Grand Cru vineyards in Aÿ, historically from three sites (Bonotte Pierre Robert, Gargeotte and Côte du Moulin), but now also from La Villers. Pinot Noir typically represents 55% of the blend, complemented with Chardonnay from Pierre Vaudon in Avize and Montmartin in Le Mesnil. Cristal Rosé is made using the saignée method – pressing the grapes to extract colour, with the Pinot and Chardonnay then co-fermented (rather than blending). From the 2008 vintage, the Pinot Noir sees a cold-soak "infusion" with no punching over/pumping down, for up to 10 days. Around 20% of the base wine is aged in oak. The wine goes through secondary fermentation in bottle and is aged on lees for around eight years prior to release. Why is Cristal wrapped in plastic? The trademark gold cellophane wrapper is to protect the wine from UV light. As the wine is bottled in clear glass, UV light can cause “light strike” – a fault that causes cabbage or rotten-egg aromas in the wine. As such, the plastic should be kept on the wine until it is served. Cristal’s street cred and controversy Cristal was once the choice of hip-hop’s most famous names. “Cristal forever/Play the crib when it’s mink weather,” raps the Notorious B.I.G. on Jay-Z’s Brooklyn’s Finest. Raekwon, 50 Cent, Big L and many more were all fans. Tupac even created a cocktail with Cristal called “Thug Passion”, a combination of Cristal and Alizé Gold Passion liqueur. In 2006, however, Frédéric Rouzaud – seventh-generation of the Roederer family and CEO – was asked in an interview about the wine’s association with a “bling” lifestyle. In response he said, “What can we do? We can’t forbid people from buying it. I’m sure Dom Pérignon or Krug would be delighted to have their business.” Jay-Z responded: “It has come to my attention that the managing director of Cristal, Frédéric Rouzaud, views the ‘hip-hop’ culture as ‘unwelcome attention’. I view his comments as racist and will no longer support any of his products through any of my various brands, including the 40/40 Club, nor in my personal life.” Others followed, and soon Cristal was replaced by other wines and spirits. Jay-Z’s own brand of Champagne, Armand de Brignac, was launched later that year – thought partly to be a retaliation. Browse all Cristal listings or read more Editorial 


Cristal is one of the world’s most sought-after wines – but how did Champagne Louis Roederer’s prestige cuvée come to be, and what makes it so special? Here’s everything you need to know about the wine

Everything you need to know about Cristal – Champagne Louis Roederer’s cult prestige cuvée, from its Russian beginnings to hip-hop credibility

Your ultimate guide to Cristal Champagne

Everything you need to know about Cristal Champagne

Champagne’s climate can be fickle. Of all the fine wine regions around the world it has to be the most unpredictable. Lucie Pereyre de Nonancourt chuckles as she recalls the countless times she has heard the latest vintage described as “unlike any they have seen in 50 years”. She explains: “We hear this all the time. No vintage in Champagne is the same!” It is the region’s capricious nature that dictates the thought process behind Laurent-Perrier’s prestige cuvée, Grand Siècle. A blend of three vintages, all with very different, complementary personalities, the idea is, that when blended together, they capture all the potential qualities a vintage in Champagne is capable of – but are rarely found in one. While Laurent-Perrier is widely recognised as one of the region’s great Champagne houses, Grand Siècle hasn’t necessarily garnered the same sort of attention as other prestige cuvées. Possibly one could argue this is because it is the only non-vintage Grande Marque prestige cuvée – but it is almost definitely because, up until recently, the vintages that made up each new release of Grand Siècle weren’t revealed. That all changed in April 2019 when the house first released Grand Siècle Itération No 24 in bottle and Itération No 22 in magnum – identifying the blend of vintages and what each brought to the blend. Fundamentally each vintage should bring one of the three elements that can typically define a great Champagne year – structure, freshness and elegance or acidity. There have been just 24 different iterations of Grand Siècle since its conception in 1959. Pereyre’s grandfather and Champagne legend Bernard de Nonancourt first had the idea for the cuvée. (It was Bernard who took Laurent-Perrier from a small Champagne house to one of the region’s most recognised brands.) The concept came to him “from observing nature”, says Pereyre. “Champagne has a difficult climate – every harvest is very different but quality is also very different.” The perfect year didn’t exist. For him, a great Champagne was one that has reached aromatic complexity, without losing any of its vivacity and freshness – and that was the aim with Grand Siècle. Bernard’s concept had three rules. Firstly, it should always be made up of three vintages. Secondly, it should always be Chardonnay-dominant – a signature of the Laurent-Perrier house. And thirdly, it must all come exclusively from the Grands Crus of the Côte des Blancs and Montagne de Reims. Speaking with Pereyre, it becomes clear just how much work and time goes into each Itération of Grand Siècle. Each release is 15 years in the making: once all three vintages have been selected, they are blended then spend at least 10 years on lees. The wines do not see any oak and are made as reductively as possible, another key to the cuvée’s freshness. The wine is only released when ready to drink, but Pereyre is confident each has the potential to age 20, 30, even 40 years without losing its vibrancy. As larger-format bottles evolve more slowly, magnums of each Itération are typically released a couple of years later. Pereyre has spent her life in Champagne. Baptised with Grand Siècle as a baby, it seems fitting that today she is charged with the prestige cuvée. Laurent-Perrier is one of the few Grandes Marques still under family ownership. Her mother and aunt took over from her grandfather in 2010, with Peyeyre joining the business in 2019.  Ever since she joined, Pereyre has been training under the watchful eye of Chef de Cave Michel Fauconnet, one of Champagne’s most experienced winemakers. Fauconnet has been working at Laurent-Perrier since 1974 and headed up the winemaking in 2004. He is also the winemaker of the illustrious Salon (also owned by Laurent-Perrier). Fauconnet has Pereyre studying how each parcel tastes, how it develops and how it works in the blend. While Grand Siècle always comes from 11 Grands Crus – Mailly, Ambonnay, Bouzy, Verzy, Verzenay, Tours-sur-Marne in Montagne de Reims, and Cramant, Oger, Mesnil-sur-Oger, Chouilly and Avize in the Côte des Blancs – the proportion in each Itération is different. “The top of the hill versus the bottom can bring very different expressions to each vintage,” says Pereyre. “All the hard work of Champagne is in the blending – every cellar master knows what they have in mind and what style they want to express. Ever since my grandfather created the first Grand Siècle, it has been the cellar master’s job to try to recreate this style – linear, taut, mineral, a lot of acidity, not too open aromatically – but not too acidic and to have some roundness.” It is still very early days for Pereyre, but she is tasting all the time – the only way to learn, and appreciates she is blessed with a great teacher. With the contents of each Itération now in the public domain, the wine is gaining huge scores from the region’s leading critics – perhaps unsurprising given the pedigree of the vineyards and cellar team. Grand Siècle is the greatest expression of Laurent-Perrier’s house style. Browse all Champagne Laurent-Perrier listings

Ahead of the long-awaited release of Grand Siècle Itération No 23 in magnum, we speak to Champagne Laurent-Perrier’s Lucie Pereyre de Nonancourt to find out what’s so special about their prestige cuvée 

We speak to Champagne Laurent-Perrier’s Lucie Pereyre de Nonancourt to find out what’s so special about their prestige cuvée Grand Siècle

Laurent-Perrier Grand Siècle and the perfect year

Laurent-Perrier Grand Siècle: recreating the perfect year

Wine journalists are jaded folk – spoilt by too many impressive tastings, lunches and dinners. But when Champagne Louis Roederer invites you to an event celebrating 50 years of Cristal Rosé, few refuse. Cristal Rosé is, as Chef de Cave Jean-Baptiste Lécaillon told us, still “a hidden gem” and the rarest cuvée Roederer produces. It’s not often shown, and even visitors to the estate don’t get to taste the wine.  While Cristal – Champagne’s first prestige cuvée – was created in 1876, its pink sibling was born almost a century later. It was Jean-Claude Rouzaud, current CEO Frédéric Rouzaud’s father, who created the wine, aged 32. He had been managing the company’s vineyards and took over the winemaking in 1974.  “His great vision was to put the vines back in the centre of the creative process,” explains seventh-generation Frédéric Rouzaud. For Roederer, site and farming have long been key to what they do (long operating both as a grower and négociant), but Jean-Claude’s move from vineyard to cellar pushed this further, allowing for – as Lécaillon put it – “a creative and constant dialogue between the vineyard and cellar”.  The same year that he started leading the cellar team, Jean-Claude decided to make a rosé version of Cristal. Almost all rosé Champagne was – and is – made by blending a still red wine in with the base white wines. Jean-Claude, however, wanted to use co-fermentation to keep the wine in the style of Cristal, a decision that Lécaillon says was key, making the wine more ethereal, precise and “Pinot-y”, with a juicier texture.  The wine was built around parcels of Pinot Noir in the Bonottes area of Aÿ, which Lécaillon describes as the “Musigny” of Champagne. In his mind, the Pinot Noir from these plots offers a “special tannic complexity” – tannins that are more saline, integrated and aromatic; the Pinot Noir here is, he says, “effortlessly perfect” and the heart of Cristal Rosé. These three vineyards (Bonotte Pierre Robert, Gargeotte and Côte du Moulin) had been used for Cristal since the 1870s, and more recently became the source for Pinot Noir material for their vine nursery – with 150 different massal selections taken from the plots – long recognised for their quality.  The three original Pinot Noir plots are now being replanted and – while the vines mature – another site in Aÿ, La Villers, a mid-slope parcel at higher altitude, is currently being used in the blend (from the 2018 vintage). It is set to form part of the wine long-term, its cooler position thought to be of particular benefit with climate change. Complementing the 55% Pinot Noir is Chardonnay from two sites – Pierre Vaudon in Avize (bringing more power and richness) and Montmartin in Le Mesnil (lending length, salinity and a chalky minerality).  The first two vintages (1974 and 1975) were more experimental, as Jean-Claude figured the wine and style out, but the third attempt in 1976 produced something special – with sufficient phenolic ripeness to produce a rosé truly worthy of the Cristal name. Even now, 48 years later, that wine is singing – combining savoury rye and brown miso notes with pear tarte tatin and an earthy power. While it had a flurry of three vintages at the start of its life, just 25 vintages of Cristal Rosé have been produced to date. The wine needs a year where not only the quality of fruit is outstanding, but the Pinot Noir and Chardonnay ripen at the same time – allowing for their co-fermentation – something that is relatively rare.  Only made with vines that are minimum 20 years old, yields are low for Champagne (at 35-40hl/ha).  The Pinot Noir is destemmed, crushed and left to macerate. Earlier vintages saw this happen over two to four days and at warmer temperatures, but the winemaking has evolved over the years, with a pivotal shift from the 2008 vintage. From 2008. Lécaillon started chilling the Pinot Noir down to -4̊C overnight, prior to de-stemming and crushing the fruit – something which he believes avoids extracting any green character.   The must is then left to cold-soak for between seven and 10 days, with no punch-downs or pump-overs – a true “infusion” (to avoid any microbial spoilage, they cover it with dry ice for the first four days, then use nitrogen). The must isn’t chilled during this time, and the temperature gradually rises to a maximum 8-9̊C. Moving to a cold-soak was inspired by an accident. In the warm 1989 vintage, Lécaillon’s first year at Roederer, they didn’t have a cooling system in the cellar, and the Pinot Noir was left in a reefer – undergoing an inadvertent cold-soak. The resulting wine was so good that it inspired Lécaillon.  Just as the fermentation starts, the must is racked off and blended with the Chardonnay which has been whole-bunch pressed pneumatically (Lécaillon argues the grape’s reductive nature needs a little skin contact to avoid being overly thiol-driven and Sauvignon-esque). Around 20% of the base wine sees oak. After secondary fermentation (under crown cap, something with Lécaillon argues helps preserve precision and terroir versus cork), the wine spends eight years on its lees, developing immense complexity.  “Since 1974, it has been our laboratory of farming, of winemaking,” says Jean-Baptise Lécaillon of the wine. Cristal Rosé was in fact the House’s first cuvée to be farmed biodynamically, and the first biodynamic prestige cuvée in Champagne, from the 2007 vintage. He explains that he is looking for phenolic ripeness, integrated with the salinity of Champagne, seamlessly combining the tannins and acidity; a wine complemented – but not dominated – by bubbles of salt.  The wine is undeniably remarkable. Tasting through a range of vintages from 1976 to the present day, all in magnum (find full tasting notes below), the vibrancy, purity and moreish, saline, minerality of these wines left me speechless. Their ability to age is effortless, with the 1989, for example, still tasting incredibly youthful. Talking about Cristal Rosé’s evolution, Lécaillon explains that he finds the first decade is all about fruit, but then the wines return to their site and soil, becoming wines of place. Conversation strays into weather Champagne today, with global warming, can still make wines that will age as beautifully.  “Champagne is not just about acid; it’s about freshness,” says Lécaillon. He points to the 1976 and 1989 vintages – both incredibly hot years, with the fruit picked at almost 12% potential alcohol and modest acidity levels – and yet the wines are full of freshness. Back then, producers were on holiday throughout August, and the fruit was picked in September (1st for the 1976 and from 5th for the 1989), but with such conditions today they would have harvested in mid-August. It is perhaps, he suggests, a lesson that the region is overreacting to warm conditions – with too many producers chasing acidity, rather than phenolic ripeness. For the skins are, he argues, the key to this sense of freshness, the dry extract that allows the wine to age.   The House has introduced a Cristal Rosé Vinothèque, or late release. To date, there have only been a handful of vintages – the 1995, 1996, 1999 and 2002. The maturation for this wine isn’t set and varies according to the vintage, normally spending longer on its lees, both sur latte (lying down) and sur pointe (upside down), the idea being to build umami complexity in the wine. The sur pointe ageing is unusual, something Lécaillon favours for its more reductive nature, keeping the wine aromatically fresh (the wine is still riddled four times a year in the same position, to agitate the lees and absorb any oxygen). Generally these releases are offered around 15-17 years after the vintage. The dosage is often lower than the original bottling, with the longer lees ageing lending balance without a higher sugar addition. Tasting the 2002 Vinothèque (a wine that feels infantile), Lécaillon says: “Is it better? I don’t know, but it’s another expression.”  I’ve written before about Lécaillon’s tireless approach to wine-growing – constantly looking to learn and evolve, and the week after our dive into Cristal Rosé he was flying to Japan to visit the Fukuoka farm (founded by Masanobu Fukuoka, the author of The One-Straw Revolution and a pioneer of permaculture or “natural” farming). His fight against the “banalisation” of taste continues, as he looks for ever-more ways to enrich the world of Louis Roederer. If the next 50 years of Cristal Rosé is nearly as good as the first, we’ve all got a lot to look forward to.  Five decades of Cristal Rosé: the tasting  2013 Cristal Rosé: A beautiful, late-ripening growing season that provided the last October harvest to date. A wine Chef de Cave Jean-Baptise Lécaillon describes as having “eternal youth” – something that is hard to disagree with after tasting the wine. This is a baby, the nose enticing with delicate floral aromas and bright citrus, not giving too much away. The palate is long and saline, tightly wound, but bursting with bright fruit on the mouthwatering finish, combining lush redcurrant and lemon. Gorgeous. Dosage 7g/l, tasted from magnum.  2012 Cristal Rosé: Lécaillon notes how 2012 was seen as an “easy” vintage on release, riper and richer with a little more Pinot Noir in the blend, but is now entering its second life, with reductive, chalky notes that bring it back to its soils. The wine is beautifully earthy and drastically different to the 2013, with power and intensity. It’s very savoury, a wine that is all about breadth and structure, with wild strawberry and raspberry notes mingling alongside a sea-spray freshness, driving on to a long, mineral finish. Dosage 8g/l, tasted from magnum.  2008 Cristal Rosé: This was the first fully organic vintage for the entire Roederer estate, and marks the start of a new era for Cristal Rosé with its cool “infusion” technique for the Pinot Noir. Paired with the 1995 vintage, the two wines are windows into two completely different worlds of Cristal. With the copper tone of a sunset, it’s a wine of muscle. It’s almost haughty, with length, power and elegance – showing off its flawless structure, with a zesty citrus drive complementing its austerity. The finish is long and saline. It will be incredible to taste this in 20 years’ time. Dosage 8g/l, tasted from magnum.  1995 Cristal Rosé: This vintage was one of the last to see the Pinot Noir soaked at 20-24̊C. It is, in Lécaillon’s mind, the “same terroir, but a different story” versus more modern iterations of the wine. The wine glows golden in the glass – the colour of the sun just as it breaks the horizon. It’s incredibly open, the aromatics constantly shifting to reveal new layers. There’s a touch of mushroom or truffle, but with layers of rich, almost tropical, fruit behind – think peach, mango, peach tea and the bite of pomegranate, with caramel sweetness, but still a saline twist to the finish. A wine of weight and depth. Dosage 12g/l, tasted from magnum.  1989 Cristal Rosé: This was a very warm vintage, harvested from 5th September, and the wine technically doesn’t have high acidity – yet is a wine of impressive freshness. Grilled hazelnuts edge a nose of candied orange peel and pomegranate, and a coffee note that emerges with air. There’s a liveliness to the palate here, even over three decades on, with a gorgeous freshness and creaminess to the mousse. The fruit on the palate is lush, with generous mouth-watering peach and a taut, mineral backbone. It’s amazing how young this tastes still. Dosage 12g/l, tasted from magnum.  1976 Cristal Rosé: Despite coming from another warm vintage (with a very hot, dry August – and harvested from 1st September), Jean-Baptiste Lécaillon notes the freshness on the 1976 vintage, and how it seems to have never become too evolved. It’s much more savoury than the 1976, with rye bread and brown miso sitting alongside caramelised pears, tarte tatin and a hint of Oloroso Sherry. The palate is a rush of fine bubbles, fresh and with a citrus bite but a savoury framework behind. A remarkable wine. Dosage 10g/l, tasted from magnum.  2002 Cristal Rosé Vinothèque: This was disgorged in 2019, spending 11 years on lees sur latte, and then another five sur pointe, followed by an additional four years’ post-disgorgement ageing prior to release. This wine is so tightly coiled, a wine not yet revealing everything it has to offer – although you can see the incredible structure. It’s so vibrant, with energy and a lushness as it drives toward a seemingly never-ending finish. It’s gorgeous, layered with mandarin, grapefruit pith, chalky minerality and smoked salt, lingering on the soft, saline tail of the mouthwatering finish. Dosage 8g/l, tasted from magnum.    The releases of Cristal Rosé to date: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013 and 2014  Browse all current listings from Champagne Louis Roederer or read more Editorial 

This year marks the 50th birthday of Cristal Rosé, Champagne Louis Roederer’s rarest wine. Sophie Thorpe caught up with CEO Frédéric Rouzaud and Chef de Cave Jean-Baptiste Lécaillon about this very special prestige cuvée and tastes through five decades of the wine

As Champagne Louis Roederer celebrates the 50th birthday of Cristal Rose, we talk to Jean-Baptiste Lecaillon and Frederic Rouzaud 

Celebrating 50 years of Cristal Rose Champagne

Five decades of Cristal Rosé

What springs to mind when you think of Bordeaux? Probably châteaux the size of medieval palaces, formal dinners, and rows and rows of pristine vines, neatly manicured rose bushes the only other signs of plant life. What you’re unlikely to be imagining are cow horns stuffed with manure buried in the ground, or horse-drawn ploughs churning through earthworm-rich soil. ‘In the past, in Bordeaux, you were scared to say you were growing biodynamically,’ says Corinne Comme, who manages 10ha of biodynamic vines at Château du Champ des Treilles in Entre-Deux-Mers with her husband Jean-Michel. ‘Now it’s trendy.’ An engineer and geologist, Jean-Michel Comme was behind the first transition of a grand cru classé estate on Bordeaux’s Left Bank to biodynamics. Although he and Corinne first came across the concept in the mid-1990s, he didn’t begin to advocate for the approach at Château Pontet-Canet in Pauillac until the early 2000s. ‘Corinne was scared,’ he recalls. ‘She thought they would fire me.’ "Behind the more esoteric elements is a series of principles that have been shown to improve soil health and vine strength" Originally laid out in a series of lectures by Austrian philosopher, scientist and social reformer Rudolf Steiner in 1924, biodynamic farming emerged as a holistic approach to agriculture before quickly evolving into formal certification movements. At its core, biodynamic farming centres on soil health and biodiversity; most distinctively, it operates according to the lunar calendar, with practitioners timing agricultural activities around specific ‘fruit days’, ‘root days’, ‘leaf days’ and ‘flower days’ to align with cosmic rhythms believed to influence plant growth and agricultural processes. For many in Bordeaux – Jean-Michel Comme included – this all sounded a bit wacky. ‘I was young, full of expectations about chemistry; the way biodynamics was presented was so remote that I felt it was crazy,’ Comme says. ‘But with experience, we did change our minds.’ Why? Because behind the more esoteric elements is a series of principles that have been shown to improve soil health and vine strength. In vineyards, biodynamic farming means specific practices such as hand-harvesting, using natural composts made with specific herbal and mineral preparations, avoiding chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and treating the entire vineyard as a self-sustaining ecosystem. In the cellar, there’s an emphasis on minimal intervention, using native yeasts, avoiding commercial additives, keeping sulphur use to under 70ppm, and employing gentle pressing and ageing techniques that respect the wine’s natural development. While biodynamics took root in regions like the Loire and Burgundy in the 1990s, biodynamic winemaking in Bordeaux largely began in the new millennium, with just two early St-Emilion exceptions: Château Meylet, which has been practising it since 1987, and Château Fonroque, experimenting since 1995 with direction from Loire legend Nicolas Joly. This delay largely stemmed from two factors. First, Bordeaux’s humid maritime climate means that vines are especially vulnerable to both downy and powdery mildew, making the avoidance of synthetic fungicides a risky business. Second, large châteaux with multimillioneuro operations were reluctant to abandon the technological viticulture and winemaking that had built their global reputations in the first place. Comme, however, was convinced of the virtues of biodynamics. He began by seeking the assistance of François Bouchet. The Loire Valley winemaker was one of the first in France to pioneer biodynamics, also consulting for Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, Domaine Leroy and Domaine Leflaive in Burgundy. Bouchet guided the transition to biodynamics at Comme’s Château du Champ des Treilles; then, he persuaded Château Pontet-Canet owner Alfred Tesseron of its merits. In 2004, it was trialled on 15ha (about 20% of the estate’s total growing area) of the fifth growth at which Comme was also technical director. A severe mildew outbreak in 2007 led to the use of pesticides, undoing three years of progress, but it then became a crucial lesson that strengthened their long-term commitment to biodynamics. ‘They believed the fruit had more expression, more brightness,’ says the current technical director at Pontet-Canet, Mathieu Bessonnet, who reveals that they converted the whole of the growing area soon after. ‘It’s obviously much more difficult, time-consuming and expensive, so it was very risky,’ he adds. Since then, biodynamic farming has become a significant and growing practice across different classed growths in the region, with some of the most prestigious estates – such as Château Latour and Château Palmer – adopting biodynamic methods (the latter certified). ‘The link between the wines and the place where the fruit came from had become less and less obvious,’ says Château Palmer’s technical director Thomas Duroux, commenting on the region’s turn to the trend. He notes that, since the noughties, many have adopted organic practices in a bid to reverse this perceived drop in terroir definition. ‘Biodynamics is, in a way, the same story as organic farming, but with a larger vision,’ he adds. This shared perspective has led to more cooperation between practitioners. Every spring, the Médoc branch of the Biodynamic Agriculture Movement gathers at Château Ferrière. After unearthing a thousand manure-filled cow horns and replacing them with silica-filled ones (a process reversed in autumn to produce preparations 500 and 501, required for Demeter certification), participants share wines and gardengrown salads. The humus removed from the cow horns is stored in a cold, damp facility and made available to members. ‘We do that for free,’ says Claire Lurton, owner of Château Ferrière. ‘It’s a community.’ Though ‘community’ might be too strong a word for some, these gatherings symbolise a deepening professional exchange that has emerged among estates of all sizes through the practice of biodynamic winemaking. In fact, the shift among the classed growths has happened at the same time as these practices have been adopted by smaller growers arriving in the region. Christophe Landry of Château des Graviers, for example, returned to Arsac in the 1990s and began practising biodynamics around the same time as Comme at Pontet-Canet. He’s consulted for the Lurton estates and other properties. Originally from Minervois in Languedoc, Michel Théron established Clos du Jaugueyron nearby and has been certified biodynamic since 2008, while Laurence Alias and Pascale Choime – who are both from southwest France – established Closerie des Moussis, a patchwork of sites across 2ha, including a 170-year-old pre-phylloxera plot leased from Théron. On the Right Bank, other producers began switching lanes even earlier. Le Puy, owned by the Amoreau family, began practising in 1998, with certification since 2013, and Château Gombaude-Guillot in Pomerol has been certified biodynamic since 2006. While larger estates like Latour and Palmer collaborate on issues like mildew, smaller producers tend to engage more with one another. Shared biodynamic practices, however, are definitely helping to break down barriers. For example, Château Haut-Bages Libéral maintains regular communication with its neighbours at Château Latour, and the son of Théron at Clos du Jaugueyron interned at Château Palmer for two months. Can we speak of a unity of praxis? Not exactly. There is considerable variation in which aspects of biodynamics winemakers emphasise, regardless of estate size. The primary aim across the board is achieving living soil with rich biodiversity to promote deep-rooted vines. In pursuit of this, some winemakers emphasise tree growing or cover cropping (like Haut-Bages Libéral, which also recently planted a variety of local and fruit trees). Others, such as Le Puy, let nature take its course, allowing a diverse array of plants and flowers to sprout from the earth. Whether certified or not, biodynamic practitioners throughout Bordeaux use homeopathic treatments like nettle teas for the vines – they are believed to stimulate soil health, enhance plant immunity and improve nutrient uptake. More important than any of this, however, is the concept of energy. How can the energy of the plant be retained as its raw material transforms into wine? Every winemaker I visited was at least intrigued by the concept – and most were captivated. After a few days in the sometimes eerily flat Médoc, I drive through the verdant hills of St-Emilion to Le Puy, arriving with a raised spirit. Standing before a 5,000-year-old Celtic cromlech, Harold Langlais, the estate’s director, tells me, ‘Le Puy is a place of energy and life,’ pointing to its deep history as an intersection of water springs. At modern-day Le Puy, this philosophy extends from the vines to the cellar. Indeed, many others I speak to express that, since adopting biodynamics, the most striking change in their wines has been an increase in ‘energy’. It’s a term without a precise definition, but according to Château Palmer’s makers, something shifted with the 2015 vintage, the second year after full conversion. ‘You cannot measure it,’ Thomas Duroux says. ‘You can just feel it.’ At Château Durfort-Vivens, where the vineyard was operating under biodynamic principles by 2013 (with full conversion by 2016), owner Gonzague Lurton recalls the 2014 vintage as ‘the first where you really feel the energy of biodynamics’. It’s tactile and warming, with a sophisticated grip and charm. ‘It’s what I love – the linearity of tannins, never weak from start to finish. With many of the estates I visited, their wines showed an immediate appeal, vibrant even in their youth. Is energy just another way of describing freshness? Laurence Alias at Closerie des Moussis trained as an agricultural engineer; for her, energy and vitality are tied to the physical properties of grapes grown biodynamically. ‘We have more acidity, that’s an analytic fact,’ she tells me, standing in front of a newly acquired plot of vines bordered by forest. It might be romantic to think of energy as something ineffable, but it’s also rooted in what remains within the grapes. ‘Our idea of energy is based more on Einstein than Steiner,’ Langlais later qualifies. ‘Energy is matter.’ Biodynamic winemaking in Bordeaux: five to follow Château Pontet-Canet At the 55ha Pontet-Canet estate in Pauillac, an immensely smooth operation is palpable. Winemakers here have spent almost two decades honing their biodynamic craft, continually moving towards a goal of self-sufficiency for the estate. Sturdy Comtois horses, introduced in 2008, now work half the vineyard, preventing soil compaction. Vineyards are sprayed over a single day using compost and herbal teas produced from plants grown in and around the property and processed in the state-of-the-art infusion room. Biodiversity-boosting fruit trees and hedges have been planted. The estate even employs a carpenter who repurposes wood from vats used on the property. Ageing involves custom-made wooden eggs and qvevri-style amphorae, with no fining and minimal filtration. The result? A Pauillac with untypical levels of energy and minerality, and a plush, velvety texture. But it’s more than that – according to Bessonnet, thanks to a low-intervention approach across the board, ‘you can really feel the soil.’ Château Palmer Thomas Duroux’s conviction in biodynamics is based in what he calls a ‘holistic vision’. ‘We started to see the entire place as a living organism,’ he says of Château Palmer, one of the most storied and historically significant third-growth estates in Bordeaux. When converting (a process that started in 2009), the Margaux estate was initially guided by François Bouchet’s son Matthieu, but now it follows its own evolving philosophy, integrating cover crops, animals for fertilisation and estate-grown vegetables and meat. ‘It’s just going back to agricultural common sense,’ Duroux says. ‘That was the way to grow anything before World War II.’ This respect for nature results in wines that are deeply tied to their terroir. ‘If I had to describe the wines how they are today, compared to how they were before, I’ll just say that it’s not a revolution, but we have the feeling that the wines have a better identity,’ says Duroux. He likens biodynamics to restoring an old painting: ‘Suddenly, you see small details that you were not able to see because of the dust.’ The estate uses stainless-steel vats for fermentation and temperature-controlled rooms for barrel-ageing, combined with nativeyeast and low-sulphur winemaking, to produce its esteemed Alter Ego and Château Palmer cuvées; both have been increasingly celebrated among critics and drinkers since the turn to biodynamics. ‘We just think it does help to go a little bit further in the interpretation of the place,’ says Duroux. Château Durfort-Vivens Standing over a rustic sorting table explaining how it used to work, Gonzague Lurton is visibly passionate about the savoir-faire of the past. This sensibility is reflected in the current winemaking practices, too, and in the second-growth Margaux estate’s reputation (and critics’ scores) increasing year on year. The thing to emphasise is that what began with a biodynamic approach in the vineyards led to a series of domino effects that changed the character of the wines. In search of what Lurton calls greater ‘singularity’, the proportion of Cabernet Sauvignon had already risen to over 90% by 2014 (from around 75%); and with the use of indigenous yeasts during fermentation and the reduction of sulphur levels over time (initially sparked by Demeter’s upper limits of 70mg/l), the wines have become more aromatically complex and expressive. The introduction of amphorae by Italian producer Tava has allowed for microoxidation without overextraction, contributing to a more delicate balance of flavours, with the 2019 estate wine a blend aged one third in amphorae and the rest in barrel. ‘It’s not a big wine,’ says Lurton. ‘And it’s what I was looking for with biodynamics, in terms of style.’ Château des Graviers Christophe Landry’s pioneering status in Margaux stems from an instinct refined over decades at his own estate. He grows medicinal plants — horsetail, absinthe, calendula, chamomile — for vineyard treatments, as well as using the manure from his own cows. ‘What we need to remember is that biodynamics isn’t just a practice,’ he tells me. ‘It’s about finding your own path to self-sufficiency.’ His precision extends to the cellar, where he uses concrete tanks, amphorae and oak barrels (produced according to the biodynamic calendar) tailored to each of the five cépages’ oxygenation needs, then ages the wines for different lengths of time. Timing is everything, with harvest choices also following the biodynamic calendar. Obsessive care for the vines’ life cycles goes hand in hand with the level of precision in the cellar. The outcome is two phenomenal wines that are, as Landry puts it, ‘thirstquenching’. Château des Graviers and Quintessence — which contains a higher proportion of Petit Verdot and is aged longer in barrel and amphorae — are aromatically expressive, velvety and strikingly lively, with the latter offering more depth and an enveloping finish. Expanding to 18ha, Landry has also turned his focus to Clos Dufourg, cultivating vines on previously wild land nearby and hand-building a striking new cellar with cement tanks painted with clay from the surrounding earth. Le Puy For technical director Harold Langlais, the Le Puy estate’s significance lies in how it challenges Bordeaux’s conventional identity. Outside of the region’s traditional focus on appellations and classifications, Le Puy sits on a plateau near St-Emilion. The estate’s land is unusual, with no topsoil but a deep limestone bedrock beneath red-brown clay, which forces the vines to develop deep roots to access the earth’s natural water and nutrients. This is further supported by horse-ploughing and biodynamic sprays made from horsetail, buckthorn and nettles, which grow on the property. ‘Our approach focuses on rooting the vine deep,’ Langlais explains, ‘encouraging it to search out hidden nutrients.’ A vigorous wind circulates around the vines, and Langlais explains the effects of the elements. ‘The beauty of Le Puy is that it’s an acid factory. The whole place creates acidity in the berries.’ The biodynamic philosophy extends to the winemaking, with two different processes applied to their 100% Merlot cuvées. Cuvée Emilien uses a ‘decantation method’, or ‘fermentation by infusion’, while Barthélemy is produced with zero sulphites and a process of lees-stirring called ‘dynamisation’, which is done on fruit days and involves a specific motion to create a vortex in the old barrels it ages in. ‘Barthélemy is much more intense,’ Langlais says. ‘All the matter taken by the plant is in there.’

Written for Club Oenologique in 2025, Joel Hart visits Bordeaux to track the region’s belated embrace of biodynamic winemaking. While other French regions ploughed ahead, Bordeaux had its reasons for delayed adoption. Yet now the practice is booming, and Hart gauges its employment across estates.

Written for Club Oenologique, contributor Joel Hart visits Bordeaux to track the region’s belated embrace of biodynamic winemaking. 

Taking root: the rise of biodynamic winemaking in Bordeaux

All’inizio di questo mese sono tornato ad Auxey-Duresses per trascorrere del tempo al Domaine e degustare integralmente l’uscita 2026 della Maison Leroy. È stata una visita significativa. Abbiamo degustato più di 25 vini tra annate, denominazioni e stili, il che ha consentito un livello di profondità e di comprensione comparativa raramente possibile con Maison Leroy. È un modo di degustare che elimina la gerarchia e si concentra interamente su espressione, tempistica e intenzione. Avendo visitato con costanza per oltre 12 anni, e più volte ogni anno, ho visto molte uscite in forme diverse. Posso dire con sicurezza che questa è la selezione Maison Leroy più completa e convincente che abbia mai incontrato. Si tratta di un’uscita eccezionale. La collezione Maison Leroy 2026 si è presentata come una collezione moderna nel senso più pieno del termine. Ciò che le conferisce forma ogni anno sono vini provenienti da annate diverse, ora riuniti in un momento in cui Madame ritiene che abbiano qualcosa di straordinario da esprimere. Tuttavia, questa è sembrata la prima collezione Maison a iniziare a rispecchiare, con autentica convinzione, il carattere superlativo del Domaine Leroy. C’è certamente ampiezza qui, tra denominazioni, livelli e annate. Ognuno sembra essere stato rilasciato esattamente nel punto in cui l’evoluzione ha rafforzato, piuttosto che attenuato, la sua definizione. È questo che conferisce alla selezione la sua immediata bevibilità — un’espressione poco lusinghiera per molti, e forse non preferita alla Maison, ma si tratta di vini di grande gioia ed equilibrio. Ciò che rende l’uscita 2026 particolarmente significativa è che presenta Maison Leroy in una forma pienamente contemporanea, pur mantenendo la stessa gravitas, raffinatezza e controllo interiore che sono arrivati a definire il Domaine ai suoi livelli più alti. Il risultato è una collezione Maison di statura insolita: capace di reggersi pienamente da sola, ma anche più vicina di qualsiasi uscita precedente a riflettere l’autorità e la brillantezza associate al periodo dominante del Domaine. Processo ed Élevage Per comprendere Maison Leroy, bisogna prima comprendere il processo. Ogni vino viene degustato alla cieca da Madame Lalou Bize-Leroy prima che venga presa qualsiasi decisione. Centinaia di vini vengono valutati ogni anno, mettendo da parte produttore, denominazione e reputazione. Raramente nuovi vini superano la selezione. Solo quando un vino soddisfa i suoi standard porta il nome Leroy. Questa responsabilità rimane direttamente nelle sue mani. Ed è solo l’inizio. Una volta selezionati, i vini vengono trasferiti nelle cantine, dove entrano in un lungo e attentamente controllato élevage. Per i rossi, con la sola eccezione del Bourgogne Rouge, ogni vino completa il proprio élevage in botti usate del Domaine Leroy, indipendentemente dalla denominazione. Village o premier cru, la classificazione lascia spazio alla qualità. Ogni vino è trattato secondo il suo potenziale, consentendo un livello di raffinatezza e integrazione che supera la gerarchia. La stessa filosofia si applica ai bianchi. Con l’eccezione del Bourgogne Blanc, i vini completano il loro élevage in botti di rovere usate del Domaine d’Auvenay. Le fondamenta della Maison Leroy Maison Leroy è la pietra angolare originale di una delle famiglie più influenti e durature della Borgogna. Fondata nel 1868 da François Leroy ad Auxey-Duresses, l’azienda iniziò come attività di négociant con accesso a vigneti in tutta la Côte d'Or, tra cui Auxey-Duresses, Meursault, Pommard, Chambertin, Musigny, Clos Vougeot e Richebourg. All’epoca, i vini non venivano imbottigliati sotto il nome Leroy, ma venduti tramite il Comptoir des Propriétaires de la Côte d'Or. Sotto la guida di Joseph Leroy, la Maison si espanse commercialmente, prima che Henri Leroy ne ridefinisse profondamente la traiettoria. Nel 1942, durante un periodo di incertezza in Borgogna, Henri acquisì una quota del 50% del Domaine de la Romanée-Conti. La sua gestione fu determinante nel restaurare e portare la tenuta al suo attuale status, al vertice assoluto dei grandi vini. Sebbene l’attività di négociant proseguisse, fu con Lalou Bize-Leroy che Maison Leroy assunse la sua identità moderna. Entrata nell’azienda di famiglia nel 1955 e alla guida dal 1971, Lalou trasformò la Maison in qualcosa di molto più rigoroso: una realtà definita da indipendenza, selezione assoluta e visione a lungo termine. Maison Leroy si colloca al centro di un più ampio ecosistema Leroy, insieme a Domaine Leroy e Domaine d'Auvenay, ciascuno espressione distinta ma complementare della stessa filosofia senza compromessi — vini che superano costantemente le convenzioni delle denominazioni AOC. La prossima uscita di Domaine Leroy offrirà una prospettiva contrastante — radicata nella proprietà e produzione dei vigneti, ma del tutto equivalente in termini di rarità, prestigio e qualità finale. La collezione Maison Leroy 2026 sarà presto disponibile. Scopri di più su Maison Leroy e consulta tutte le offerte attualmente disponibili.

L'amministratore delegato Craig Norton torna ad Auxey-Duresses per una degustazione diversa da tutte le altre: l'intera collezione 2026 di Maison Leroy e ciò che essa rivela su una delle case vinicole più singolari della Borgogna.

The 2026 Maison Leroy collection in full — selected by Madame Lalou Bize-Leroy, released only when ready. 


The 2026 Maison Leroy Collection

La collezione Maison Leroy 2026

Sitting opposite us, the dark-suited, dark-haired figure waved an elegant hand at the bottle of white Burgundy which he’d just fished out of a carrier bag and planted on the table with the air of a conjuror at a party. “You’ll like this,” he said; it was a statement, not a suggestion, delivered in a faint accent with American overtones and a hint of gutturality. In this totally unremarkable West London pub, a bottle of Meursault looked as out of place as a KGB officer. Which he was. We did like it, of course, who wouldn’t? It made the greasy steak and chips almost bearable, and was one of the best wines I’d ever tasted at that point in my life. I was 33 that year, 1978, and as a newish BBC foreign correspondent I wasn’t particularly well paid. He’d brought the Meursault with him to show us how sophisticated he was, and to counter the blandness of the food. But why had he suggested The Mitre as a place for lunch? It was handy for the Soviet embassy up the road, certainly; but I realised that the real attraction for him was the high-backed seats that enclosed our table and kept our conversation private. Sergei was a major in the KGB, masquerading as a press attaché. The habit of secrecy was deeply ingrained in him. The Meursault started to work on my companion, a gossipy, amusing, slightly naïve BBC executive. It worked on me, too, but under the influence of alcohol I tend to go quiet and introverted. Not so Harry. He delivered the brief lecture about Soviet harassment of our Moscow correspondent which he’d been planning. It wasn’t bad, but it didn’t make Sergei burst into tears. On the contrary. “Ah, yes, the famous Declan.” Sergei managed to put the accent on the second syllable. “Such good Russian. A pity he wastes his time hanging around those drop-outs and wastrels.” I was particularly impressed by ‘wastrels’. “I suppose you mean dissidents,” I said, pushing my glass across for more Meursault. The label read ‘1968’; the Soviet embassy must have had a superb cellar. Sergei laughed scornfully and poured. “I hear Declan’s marriage isn’t going so good now,” he said. “Ah, no, his wife left him for an airline pilot,” Harry replied, giggling. I kicked him sharply: you didn’t feed personal details about your colleagues to KGB officers. “What?” Harry said, looking at me. We saw the bottle out. Sometimes I think I can still taste that rich, green-gold collection of butter, almond, citrus and, could it have been, or is it just my imagination after more than 40 years, hints of bracken and mayflower. At the end, we stood up and shook hands. “So you’ll go easy on Declan from now on?” Harry said. “Well, Declan must stop creating bad propaganda against the Soviet Union.” He had a good ear: this time the accent was on the first syllable. Sergei turned in the direction of the embassy, and we headed back to Television Centre. “Bloody good wine those Russkies can afford,” Harry said, and gave his high-pitched laugh.For journalists and spies, booze is a famous lubricant, a fuel, even. I came from a teetotal background, yet when I started as a foreign correspondent I soon found myself ordering a glass of single malt as a means of self-protection, while someone I was trying to pump for information opened up and talked in a way he or she never would if I’d ordered a Britvic orange. Yet there were exceptions. In Belfast and Derry, where I started my reporting career, the leaders of the Provisional IRA were mostly ultra-Catholic and never drank a drop; and as I branched out and began reporting on the Middle East, I found that organisations like Hezbollah and the followers of the Ayatollah were as teetotal as I had once been. There were no bars to meet them in, either. Fortunately, though, cities like Cairo and Beirut were more sophisticated. I soon found that anywhere with a sizeable Christian population, Egypt and Lebanon, of course, but also Syria, Iraq and westernised countries like Turkey and Pakistan, made allowances for thirsty westerners and permitted them to drink, even if in cities like Peshawar you had to sign a big leather volume and register yourself as an alcoholic. The bar in the old Commodore Hotel in Beirut was a wonderful centre for professional alcoholics of this kind. I first went there in June 1982, when West Beirut was under hourly attack from Israeli planes and tanks, and there were no shelters to protect us. The presiding spirit of the place was a correspondent called Chris Drake, a hospitable soul who dispensed booze and information even-handedly. When the barrage was going on, it would have been suicidal to leave the Commodore, and the building shuddered to every nearby explosion. Chris Drake had a parrot, and when the bar was packed in the evening with journalists glad to still be alive, it would imitate the sound of a shell in flight with startling accuracy. Most of the people there, not me, thank God, had walked into the bar on their first night, heard the parrot’s hugely convincing whistle, and thrown themselves on the floor shouting “Incoming!”. There would be a roar of laughter, and someone would help them up and offer them a glass of arak, an infusion of grapes and the seeds of the anise plant. I acquired a real taste for arak at that time, and I still think of that slightly oily, metallic, liquorice-tasting liquid hitting the back of my throat and burning its way down. A few years later, during another upsurge of fighting, the Commodore was heavily shelled by the Syrian army. The building was destroyed, and no trace of the parrot was ever found. When peace was restored and there was money around, the Commodore was rebuilt, much bigger and more glitzy, but the architect designed a new bar precisely where the old one had once been. You can still see the space on the floor where many a famous journalist measured his length when the parrot did its party trick. I took my wife and 13-year-old son there a couple of years ago, and one afternoon, when the bar was empty, my son insisted on re-enacting the whole thing. In China, things were different. Meetings with underground figures usually took place at their homes or outdoors, given the fear of surveillance. I often chose Ritan Park in Beijing, where teahouses served pu-erh tea and offered a discreet place to talk. By contrast, official meetings required alcohol, specifically Maotai, a fierce baijiu distilled from sorghum at over 50% ABV. At one banquet, after being insulted by a local Party official, I tried to outdrink him. The plan failed, he had help, but we still ended the night collapsed together, singing in two languages. The next day, I was told this had enhanced British prestige. Countries where alcohol is banned present different challenges. In Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, I smuggled in a 27-year-old bottle of Laphroaig disguised as Fanta, only to pour it down the toilet when soldiers began searching rooms for alcohol. They never entered mine. After the fall of the Soviet Union, I tried to track Sergei down but never found him. Before that, though, I had taken my revenge by signing him up to every unwanted mailing list I could find, encyclopaedias, dubious magazines, and more inventive subscriptions besides. It made me feel very good.And yet, if I imagine meeting him again, I always picture the same thing: Sergei standing in the doorway, holding a superb bottle of Meursault. For that, at least, I’ve always been grateful. This article was written by John Simpson, who reflects on his experiences reporting across the world, and the role alcohol has played in the art of face-to-face reconnaissance. Illustrations by Natsko Seki. Originally published in FONDATA, Issue Two.

BBC world affairs editor John Simpson reflects on reporting from conflict zones, recalling memorable bars, encounters and the role alcohol plays in the subtle art of face-to-face reconnaissance.

BBC world affairs editor John Simpson on bars, encounters and how alcohol shapes reporting, trust and intelligence gathering worldwide.

John Simpson on bars, spies and the art of reporting

Refuge,  refreshment & reconnaissance

Every now and then, the word ‘singularity’ is used to describe a particular wine that stands apart, for whatever reason, from other wines of its type. But just what is singularity, and how can wine express it? Wine writer Tamlyn Currin investigates.

What makes a wine truly singular? Tamlyn Currin explores the rare bottles that defy convention and challenge the rules of the wine world.

Searching for Singularity in wine

Searching for Singularity

Cos’è Krug? 
 Krug è una delle più famose Maison di Champagne al mondo. È insolita perché produce solo cuvée di prestigio ed è apprezzata dagli amanti del vino raffinato, considerata da molti come l’apice dello Champagne di alta qualità – in competizione con nomi come Cristal e Dom Pérignon. Quando è stato prodotto per la prima volta Krug? 
 Joseph Krug fondò Krug & Compagnie nel 1843 insieme a un amico commerciante di vini, Hyppolyte de Vivès. Nato a Magonza nel 1800, Johann-Joseph Krug era figlio di un macellaio. Abbandonò il nome Johann, si trasferì a Parigi nel 1834 e lavorò come contabile presso Champagne Jacquesson prima di iniziare a miscelare i suoi primi vini con De Vivès, prove che avrebbero portato al progetto Krug. Krug è ancora di proprietà della famiglia Krug? 
 No – anche se la famiglia è ancora molto coinvolta. 
 Quando Joseph morì nel 1866, suo figlio Paul prese in mano l’attività. Nel 1868 trasferì l’azienda al numero 5 di Rue Coquebert a Reims, indirizzo che ospita ancora oggi Krug e le sue storiche cantine. L’azienda passò al figlio di Paul, Joseph II, nel 1910, ma fu la moglie Jeanne a prendere le redini quando Joseph II fu fatto prigioniero di guerra durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale. Il nipote di Joseph II, Jean Seydoux, divenne co-direttore dopo la guerra, e l’attività passò a Paul Krug II (figlio di Joseph II) nel 1959, poi a Henri e Rémi Krug, che entrarono in azienda negli anni ’60 e la rilevarono nel 1977. 
 I fratelli Henri e Rémi furono fondamentali nello sviluppo della Maison – ampliarono la gamma, ne costruirono la reputazione internazionale e ne supervisionarono la vendita al colosso del lusso LVMH nel 1999. Anche se continuarono a gestire la Maison, il supporto finanziario di LVMH permise a Krug di prosperare. Nel 2009, Olivier Krug – sesta generazione della famiglia – divenne Direttore della Maison e ancora oggi è al suo comando. Qual è lo stile Krug? 
 Spesso di colore dorato intenso, Krug è rinomata per l’uso del legno, scegliendo di fermentare tutti i suoi vini base in vecchie botti di rovere da 205 litri, permettendo la micro-ossigenazione. Questo, unito a un lungo affinamento sui lieviti (minimo sei anni per i non millesimati e dieci per i millesimati), produce uno stile potente, ampio e riccamente autolitico, con strati di pane, biscotto e brioche. L’enorme numero di componenti usati per la Grande Cuvée crea un vino non millesimato – o, come preferiscono chiamarlo, multi-vintage – particolarmente complesso. La Maison tende inoltre a vendemmiare leggermente in anticipo per mantenere freschezza nei vini. Il dosaggio è medio, con i vini etichettati come Brut, e si aggira normalmente sui 5–6 g/l nelle versioni moderne. 
 È interessante notare che Krug considera il Meunier un elemento importante nei propri assemblaggi (talvolta considerato un vitigno minore dalle altre Maison), apprezzandone la generosità di metà palato che dona ai vini. Il Meunier rappresenta spesso il 15–25% dei blend millesimati della Maison. Quali sono i diversi vini Krug? 
 Joseph Krug aveva idee molto chiare su come realizzare il miglior Champagne e le descrisse nel suo famoso taccuino di pelle color bordeaux (oggi esposto nella sede della famiglia Krug). Dichiarò che la Maison avrebbe prodotto solo due cuvée, concepite per essere di pari qualità. La Cuvée n. 1 era un vino non millesimato, pensato come “la più completa espressione dello Champagne ogni anno” (oggi incarnata dalla Grande Cuvée), mentre la Cuvée n. 2 avrebbe espresso ciascuna annata. Credeva anche fermamente nell’importanza del terroir, scrivendo: “Non possiamo ottenere buoni vini senza buoni elementi e buoni terroir.” 
 Per molti anni, la Maison continuò a produrre solo due vini, ma la gamma si è da allora ampliata. Sebbene i vini non millesimati e millesimati fossero concepiti per essere di pari qualità, i vini millesimati oggi raggiungono prezzi più elevati. 
 La gamma Krug comprende sei vini: 
 Krug Grande Cuvée: La Grande Cuvée è il vino di punta non millesimato (o multi-vintage, MV) di Krug, la moderna Cuvée n. 1, precedentemente conosciuta come Private Cuvée (fino al 1978, vedi sotto). Ogni imbottigliamento contiene fino a 200 componenti provenienti da oltre 10 annate (la più giovane di sei anni, la più vecchia oltre 20). Sebbene oggi sia il vino “d’ingresso” della Maison, Krug riserva per esso molti dei suoi migliori vini delle annate top. Affina per almeno sette anni sui lieviti prima della sboccatura, con un ulteriore anno in bottiglia prima della vendita. A differenza di molti non millesimati, l’obiettivo non è la totale coerenza tra le versioni, ma “la più completa espressione dello Champagne”. Dal 2011, ciò è stato ufficializzato con l’introduzione del Krug ID su ogni bottiglia (vedi sotto). Nel 2016, la Maison ha aggiunto anche un numero di Edizione a ogni release, partendo dalla Edizione 163 (base 2007). Alcuni collezionisti ricercano edizioni specifiche della Grande Cuvée, come la 164 (base 2008) o la 168 (base 2012). Le mezze bottiglie non riportano il numero di edizione in etichetta, quindi serve il Krug ID per identificarle. 
 Krug Rosé: L’altro vino non millesimato della Maison, Krug Rosé, fu creato da Henri e Rémi Krug negli anni ’70, con la prima uscita basata sull’annata 1976, rilasciata nel 1983. Il vino è un assemblaggio di vini bianchi con circa l’11% di Pinot Noir rosso fermo, combinando da 20 a 70 componenti di cinque annate, con un affinamento minimo di sei anni sui lieviti. Come per la Grande Cuvée, nel 2016 Krug aggiunse il numero di Edizione anche all’etichetta del Rosé, iniziando con l’Edizione 21 (base 2008). 
 Krug Clos du Mesnil: Clos du Mesnil è uno Champagne Blanc de Blancs millesimato da un unico vigneto, ed è uno dei vini di punta di Krug. L’esperto Richard Juhlin lo descrive come “il miglior vino del mondo”. Henri e Rémi Krug acquistarono sei ettari di Chardonnay a Le Mesnil-sur-Oger nel 1971 e scoprirono un appezzamento murato di 1,84 ettari nel cuore del villaggio. Sul muro si legge: “Nell’anno 1698 questo muro fu costruito da Claude Jannin e Pierre Dehée Metoen e nello stesso anno le viti furono piantate da Gaspard Jannin, figlio di Claude.” Reimpiantarono il sito e inizialmente l’uva fu utilizzata nei blend della Maison, ma il microclima più caldo – circondato da edifici – produceva un vino distintivo, che decisero di imbottigliare separatamente. La prima annata fu il 1979, rilasciata nel 1986 – quando un vino da singolo vitigno e singolo sito era un concetto pionieristico. Affina per almeno dieci anni sui lieviti ed è prodotto solo nelle annate di qualità eccezionale. 
 Ad oggi, le annate di Clos du Mesnil prodotte sono: 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008 e 2009. 
 Krug Clos d’Ambonnay: Pinot Noir puro da un appezzamento di 0,68 ettari, Clos d’Ambonnay è l’altro vino millesimato da singolo vigneto di Krug. Henri e Rémi scoprirono il sito ai margini del villaggio di Ambonnay, sul versante sud-orientale della Montagne de Reims, nel 1991, e riuscirono ad acquistarlo nel 1994. Come il Clos du Mesnil, il sito è recintato, con muri risalenti al 1766, anche se le viti furono piantate solo nel XX secolo. La prima annata del Blanc de Noirs fu prodotta nel 1995 e rilasciata nel 2007. Come il Clos du Mesnil, subisce un lungo affinamento sui lieviti (minimo dieci anni) ed è prodotto solo quando le condizioni dell’annata lo consentono. Data la dimensione del vigneto, Clos d’Ambonnay è particolarmente raro. 
 Ad oggi, le annate prodotte di Clos d’Ambonnay sono: 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2006 e 2008. 
 Krug Clos d’Ambonnay Rosé: La prima annata del Krug Clos d’Ambonnay Rosé verrà rilasciata nell’autunno 2025, l’annata 2008. È la prima nuova cuvée dalla creazione di Clos d’Ambonnay, un rosé dallo stesso vigneto, con il 15% di vino rosso fermo nel blend. 
 Krug Vintage: L’altro vino concepito dal fondatore Joseph Krug, la Cuvée n. 2, era un millesimato che la Maison produce ancora oggi. È realizzato solo in annate ritenute degne e affina per oltre 10 anni sui lieviti prima della sboccatura. 
 Le annate recenti di Krug Vintage sono: 1988, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008 e 2011. 
 Krug Collection: Negli anni ’80, Krug introdusse la sua Collection – una versione a sboccatura tardiva di vini maturi, generalmente offerta circa 25 anni dopo l’annata. Questi vini sono stati conservati nelle cantine della Maison, in condizioni perfette. Le uscite fino ad oggi includono: 1981, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990 e 1995. Cos’è la Private Cuvée? 
 Private Cuvée era il precedente nome della Grande Cuvée, il vino non millesimato della Maison, etichettato così dal 1862 al 1978. L’esperto di Champagne Richard Juhlin osserva che lo stile cambiò con il cambio di nome: la Grande Cuvée risulta un po’ più leggera, più incentrata sullo Chardonnay e più sfaccettata, mentre la Private Cuvée era più simile a un vino millesimato, con maggiore corpo. “Lo stile dagli anni ’20 agli anni ’60 è sorprendentemente costante e, se trovate una bottiglia in buone condizioni e a un prezzo accessibile, è un’occasione da non perdere”, scrive Juhlin a proposito della Private Cuvée. Quanto Champagne Krug viene prodotto? 
 La produzione della Maison è tenuta strettamente riservata, ma si stima che vengano prodotte circa 425.000 bottiglie all’anno. Cos’è il Krug ID? 
 Questo codice a sei cifre appare sull’etichetta posteriore di ogni bottiglia di Krug e consente di scoprire informazioni specifiche su quella bottiglia, con le prime tre cifre che indicano il trimestre e l’anno della sboccatura. È possibile consultare l’ID sul sito web o sull’app della Maison per scoprire il blend, i vini più giovani e più vecchi, le note di degustazione e i suggerimenti di abbinamento con cibo e musica. Il Krug ID è stato introdotto nel 2011, quindi compare solo sulle bottiglie rilasciate dopo tale data. Krug possiede vigneti? 
 Storicamente, l’esperienza di Krug risiedeva nella vinificazione e nell’assemblaggio, operando sempre come négociant, come era consuetudine per le Grandes Marques in Champagne. Krug acquistava uve da siti accuratamente selezionati per i propri vini, ma Henri e Rémi acquistarono i primi vigneti della Maison nel 1971 – tra cui il celebre Clos du Mesnil. 
 Oggi Krug possiede 21 ettari di vigne, che rappresentano circa il 20% della produzione, integrando il resto con uve acquistate. Krug si approvvigiona di Chardonnay, Pinot Noir e Meunier dai villaggi di Ambonnay, Aÿ, Le Mesnil-sur-Oger e Trépail. Tutti i contratti riguardano parcelle specifiche, spesso basati su relazioni di lunga data, con il contratto più antico risalente al 1876. 
 Krug si è concentrata sempre di più sulla sostenibilità, non utilizzando erbicidi né pesticidi nei propri vigneti, e quelli di proprietà sono certificati biologici a partire dalla vendemmia 2024. Chi produce Krug? 
 Come in ogni azienda vinicola, un ampio team è coinvolto nella produzione di Krug – inclusi i coltivatori che forniscono l’uva e il personale della cantina. Eric Lebel è stato per lungo tempo il chef de cave, dal 1999 al 2019, passando poi il testimone a Julie Cavil, che aveva lavorato al suo fianco per 13 anni prima di assumere la direzione all’inizio del 2020. 
 Per quanto riguarda la decisione sui blend, esiste un comitato di degustazione guidato da Cavil e solitamente con Olivier Krug. Il comitato si riunisce ogni giorno tra la fine della vendemmia e marzo, degustando 15 campioni al giorno (un massimo rigoroso per evitare l’affaticamento del palato). Durante questo periodo, l’obiettivo è degustare tutti i 400 campioni due o tre volte in totale. Ogni degustatore deve descrivere ogni campione con una sola parola, che non può essere duplicata da altri – un metodo che, secondo Cavil, aiuta a ottenere un quadro complessivo più accurato dei vini. Come viene prodotto Krug? 
 Come già menzionato, tutti i vini base di Krug sono fermentati in vecchie botti di rovere. Si utilizzano botti da 205 litri, con un’età media di 20 anni, spesso ritirate dal servizio intorno ai 40 anni. Non si blocca la fermentazione malolattica, ma non la si incoraggia neppure, quindi alcuni vini la svolgono naturalmente. Dopo la fermentazione, i vini vengono trasferiti in serbatoi di acciaio inox (non vengono affinati in legno, come accade ad esempio da Henri Giraud). I blend vengono decisi dal Comitato di Degustazione della Maison (guidato dalla Chef de Cave Julie Cavil) tra la fine della vendemmia e aprile, prima dell’imbottigliamento, e restano almeno sette anni sui lieviti (dieci per i millesimati). Dove viene prodotto Krug? 
 Per quasi due secoli, i vini sono stati prodotti nella storica sede di Krug a Reims, ma dal 2024 la produzione si è spostata nella nuova cantina Joseph, situata proprio accanto al Clos d’Ambonnay. Qual è la storia di Krug e Burning Man? 
 Krug suscitò alcune polemiche quando, nel 2011, girò una campagna pubblicitaria durante il festival Burning Man a Black Rock, in Nevada. Lo shooting e il marchio furono criticati dall’organizzazione del festival per non aver rispettato i suoi principi, commercializzando l’evento e la sua comunità. Perché la bottiglia di Krug ha una forma diversa? 
 La caratteristica bottiglia a collo stretto di Krug fu introdotta nel 1978, contemporaneamente al cambio di nome da Private Cuvée a Grande Cuvée. In precedenza, la Maison utilizzava bottiglie standard di Champagne. Oltre a rendere le bottiglie di Krug più distintive, il collo stretto è pensato per ridurre lo scambio di ossigeno durante l’invecchiamento. Come invecchia Krug? 
 Krug è rinomato per il suo potenziale di invecchiamento – tutti i vini della Maison, comprese le cuvée non millesimate, sono progettati per evolversi in bottiglia. L’esperta di Champagne Essi Avellan MW osserva: “Tutti i Krug beneficiano dell’invecchiamento. Cinque anni dopo la loro uscita, tendono ad aprirsi magnificamente, mostrando maggiore espressione e un carattere armonioso. Le Grand Cuvée sono una vera delizia dopo 10–15 anni dal rilascio, spesso al culmine della loro espressività. I millesimati sono tutti longevi; dopodiché dipende dall’annata (e ovviamente dalla singola bottiglia) come evolveranno. Se conservati correttamente, tutti dovrebbero invecchiare almeno 15 anni dopo la loro uscita, e i migliori per diversi decenni.” Scopri tutte le etichette Krug, incluse le nuove uscite di Grande Cuvée e Rosé, o leggi di più su Champagne e vini spumanti.

Krug è un nome che va ben oltre gli amanti del vino, l'etichetta dorata e la forma iconica della bottiglia sono immediatamente riconoscibili. Con l'uscita delle ultime edizioni di Grande Cuvée e Rosé, abbiamo compilato una guida privilegiata su questa leggendaria casa di champagne e sui suoi vini

Everything you need to know about Krug Champagne – the luxury House and its iconic Grande Cuvee, Rose, Clos du Mesnil, Clos d’Ambonnay and vintage wines

Your essential guide to Krug Champagne 

Tutto quello che devi sapere su Krug

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