Molto tempo fa abbiamo strappato le viti dal loro habitat naturale. Rampicanti entusiasti, i loro tralci e viticci sono fatti per aggrapparsi a qualsiasi cosa trovino mentre crescono, avvolgendosi intorno ad alberi o altre piante in natura. Ma noi abbiamo trascinato le viti fuori dalla foresta e le abbiamo costrette in rigidi sistemi di allevamento, domando la loro crescita disordinata per ottenere un raccolto che servisse ai nostri scopi. Ora, però, c’è un movimento che mira a reintegrare alberi e piante nella viticoltura. 
 Cheval Blanc è uno dei più noti sostenitori dell’agroforestazione, che rappresenta una parte fondamentale del suo manifesto per un approccio moderno alla viticoltura. Augustin Fromageot – che oggi lavora a tempo pieno presso il Domaine Belargus in Anjou – è stato uno dei membri del team coinvolti nel progetto, durante il quale sono stati piantati oltre 4.000 alberi nella tenuta in due anni. Fino ad allora, Fromageot – geologo di formazione – aveva lavorato in Sud America, principalmente nel settore del cacao e del caffè, ma la vite lo stava chiamando. Il team trasformò la tenuta in una sorta di laboratorio – sperimentando diversi modi di integrare gli alberi: tra i filari, al posto dei filari, in boschetti, ai bordi o in qualsiasi altro modo si potesse immaginare di piantarli accanto alle viti, tutto monitorato da programmi scientifici per capire cosa funziona e cosa no. Ora fa qualcosa di simile a Belargus, gestendo la loro ampia riserva naturale e lavorando per aumentare la biodiversità della tenuta – impegnandosi a gestire il paesaggio, come lui stesso lo definisce. È un’eccessiva semplificazione suggerire che le viti siano passate direttamente da rampicanti selvatici a monocolture industriali. Storicamente, l’agricoltura era policolturale, e ogni piccola fattoria conteneva tutto ciò di cui una famiglia aveva bisogno – e spesso anche le viti ne facevano parte. Il sistema a pergola, per esempio, permetteva di piantare altre colture sotto le viti, mentre l’uso di alberi come traliccio vivente non era raro – spesso descritto come viti maritate, il metodo romano degli arbusta (prediletto, per esempio, da Plinio) – e coltivate insieme, culture en hautain, cultura mista o joualle. È quest’ultimo metodo, diffuso nel sud-ovest della Francia circa un secolo fa, che Cheval Blanc ha in parte riscoperto, sostituendo singole viti con alberi all’interno dei filari. L’aspetto è magnifico, ma comporta le sue complicazioni, limitando la meccanizzazione. È, come dice Fromageot, un modo “poetico” di integrare gli alberi. In Bolivia si trovano ancora viti allevate sugli alberi, nella Valle di Cinti (come nel progetto Jardín Oculto), anche se si tratta di esempi antichi – e oggi pochi pianterebbero viti in questo modo. È un metodo impraticabile per l’agricoltura moderna, che funzionava solo su piccola scala, ma è evidente che l’industrializzazione ha spinto le monocolture troppo oltre – e l’agroforestazione è uno dei modi con cui i produttori stanno cercando di rimediare ai danni causati. 
 Gli alberi sono straordinari sotto molti aspetti, ma possono avere un impatto enorme su un vigneto. La loro presenza fisica può influenzare il microclima – proteggendo la vigna da gelo, calore e vento, oltre a fungere da barriera fisica tra proprietà confinanti – impedendo che eventuali trattamenti indesiderati raggiungano le proprie viti. Aumentano la biodiversità – offrendo un habitat a insetti e animali, in particolare ai pipistrelli – e assorbono anidride carbonica. Riducendo l’erosione del suolo (con l’erosione dello strato superficiale che rappresenta una minaccia enorme per l’agricoltura mondiale) e aumentando la materia organica, migliorano anche la capacità del suolo di trattenere l’acqua – un vantaggio importante nelle regioni aride. Per Fromageot, gli alberi contribuiscono a creare resilienza nel vigneto, rafforzando le difese naturali delle viti e riducendo quindi il numero di trattamenti necessari. È facile guardare un elenco del genere e comprendere i principi in gioco. È chiaro che i benefici per l’ambiente sono molti – ma cosa significa tutto questo per il vino nel bicchiere? Potenzialmente, molto. Bastano cinque alberi per influenzare il microclima in un raggio di 100 metri; possono ridurre la temperatura di una parcella anche di 2-3°C, preservando l’acidità, riducendo l’alcol e mantenendo la precisione aromatica. Inoltre, proteggendo il vigneto da gelo o calore estremi e migliorando le riserve idriche del suolo, consentono una produzione più costante, tutti fattori fondamentali di fronte al cambiamento climatico – con condizioni meteorologiche più estreme e un riscaldamento globale crescente. 
 Naturalmente, non è così semplice come sembra. “Ci insegna un’immensa umiltà,” mi dice Fromageot quando inizio a parlargli del mondo dell’agroforestazione, e più specificamente della vitiforestazione. È perfettamente consapevole che l’agroforestazione sia diventata una parola di moda nel mondo del vino – improvvisamente molto trendy. Ma piantare e gestire alberi richiede molto lavoro. Innanzitutto, decidere dove e come piantarli è cruciale. La loro capacità di influenzare il microclima può essere sia positiva che negativa – con la possibilità di creare sacche di gelo, aumentare l’umidità, ridurre il flusso d’aria e quindi incrementare la pressione delle malattie. “Bisogna saper leggere il paesaggio,” spiega Fromageot. 
 Occorre anche decidere quale tipo di albero piantare, così come il portainnesto, assicurandosi che si integri con la viticoltura. La prima cosa che fa Fromageot quando avvia un progetto è visitare tutti i vivai locali per conoscere le varietà autoctone. Gli alberi da frutto sono comuni, ma – come nota – bisogna assicurarsi che abbiano un periodo di raccolta diverso da quello dell’uva per evitare conflitti; lui guarda a mele, pere e prugne in particolare, sottolineando quanto siano più impegnativi pesche e albicocche. In alternativa, aceri, frassini, gelsi, pioppi neri, carpini e tigli possono funzionare bene – essenzialmente alberi che condividono lo stesso tipo di micorrize (i microrganismi che si attaccano alle radici) delle viti. È importante evitare qualsiasi specie che possa contaminare il vino o inibire la crescita – come il noce, che produce una sostanza tossica, la juglone. Gli alberi hanno esigenze molto diverse rispetto alle viti, richiedendo attrezzature e competenze differenti per prosperare, con – per esempio – una fertilizzazione estesa per stabilirsi, poiché necessitano di terreni più ricchi. Ovunque vengano piantati, gli alberi occupano spazio che altrimenti potrebbe essere destinato alle viti, riducendo così la resa potenziale. Inoltre, è un processo lento: ci vogliono circa dieci anni perché gli alberi inizino a influenzare in modo significativo la viticoltura, afferma Fromageot. Tutto ciò richiede tempo e denaro – rendendo l’agroforestazione un lusso che non tutti i produttori possono permettersi, anche se Fromageot ritiene che gli alberi possano essere integrati in modo diverso per chi lavora su larga scala. 
 Alain Canet – agronomo e specialista in agroforestazione – sostiene che reintrodurre gli alberi sia cruciale per l’agricoltura. “Per alcuni suoli è già troppo tardi,” scrive. “Ma per la maggior parte, abbiamo ancora tempo per agire... In termini agroecologici, la transizione verso gli alberi è la transizione verso la vita.” Esistono molte ragioni scientifiche per favorire la vitiforestazione, ma per Fromageot ce n’è una più convincente: il paesaggio radica le persone in una geografia, in un luogo, e questo – sostiene – è essenziale per fare vino di qualità. La bellezza del paesaggio in cui si vive e si lavora ci aiuta a “trovare un senso nella vita”, mi dice. Romantico? Forse. Ma con la scienza a sostegno, è difficile non lasciarsi convincere che gli alberi traccino la via verso un futuro più sostenibile – nel vino, sì, ma anche nell’agricoltura in generale.

L'agroforestazione è l'ultima tendenza che sta conquistando il mondo del vino pregiato, ma perché? Abbiamo incontrato Augustin Fromageot di Domaine Belargus per scoprire perché gli alberi potrebbero essere la chiave per una viticoltura sostenibile.

Agroforestry is the latest trend to take over the world of fine wine – but why? We sat down with Domaine Belargus’s Augustin Fromageot to find out more

Trees and wine: exploring the world of vitiforestry

Mettere radici: il mondo della viticoltura

Last year Alessandro Mori completed his 47th vintage at Il Marroneto in Montalcino. Now aged 60, Il Marroneto has been his life’s work. Despite the challenges, his passion for winemaking has never wavered and when he speaks about the estate and its wines today, he sounds as giddy as the boy who first arrived at the winery, aged just 14. He discovered Il Marroneto in 1975. At that time, it was just a farm on the northern slopes of Montalcino, with a few vines growing alongside olive trees and a small orchard. His father was so taken by the view – stretching out 60km across the valley floor towards Siena, his hometown – he bought the property the next day. The entire family – a young Mori, his brother and their parents – would spend their weekends tending the vineyard, which they planted on arrival. Initially just half a hectare, this site would become Madonna delle Grazie – Brunello’s most lauded vineyard today. Those first few years working alongside his family were some of Mori’s happiest days – and would shape the rest of his life. Il Marroneto remained a family hobby, and when he finished school, Mori became a lawyer. It was only in 1994, aged 33, that he decided life behind a desk wasn’t for him. “I had to express myself,” says Mori, “so I decided to continue to live the life I started with my parents and my brother.” He moved to Montalcino with his wife and new-born baby, living and sleeping in one room. At the time, Il Marroneto was only producing 3,300 bottles a year. It was all very financially tight at the beginning. “It became a big problem for me,” admits Mori. “I only slept two to three hours a night, kept awake thinking how could I make this work? I was full of worry, but also I was happy because I loved my work. I really loved my work.” Mori explains how this lifestyle change brought him a welcome sense of freedom. “There is soul in what I do every day,” he says. “There is a soul to the region too. This work gives me freedom, freedom from all the everyday life lived today. The order you have to follow. I am free from this in my mind.” But Mori’s passion is more than just the freedom it has given him. He’s always felt the work he was doing, the wine he was producing, was something important. He was carrying on a tradition that stretches back thousands of years and that brought a sense of purpose and responsibility. After all these years Mori remains amazingly humble considering his success. If you have ever read an interview with Mori or had the pleasure of visiting him, he never fails to mention his debt to his teachers. These two wise men – the late Mario Cortevesio and Giulio Gambelli – are legends in winemaking circles, and they taught Mori everything he needed to know to make great Sangiovese. Mori was fortunate to have such mentors – especially when most were looking outside the region for expertise. As Brunello di Montalcino gained recognition, investment flooded the region. There were fewer than 50 wineries when Mori first arrived, but now there are 250. “The first thing these people do is look for a doctor in oenology and agronomy – to plant the vineyard and build the cellar,” says a bemused Mori.  New arrivals, looking to make their mark, rarely speak to people who have grown grapes in the region for decades, instead hiring outsiders – many of whom have never even been to Tuscany. “Now these people are using concrete eggs, amphora and oak from Austria,” he laughs, “but no one goes to the old people that live here and asks them, what is the way of our forefathers?” But that is exactly what his father did – looking to the village elders. In return they got the eyes and ears of first Cortevesio and then Gambelli. Coretvesio and Gambelli had an extraordinary influence on winemaking in Tuscany. “They were like two brothers,” says Mori. “Born in the same year, they studied together, they worked their whole lives together and they died within two months of each other.” They would split their time between Chianti and Montalcino. For Mori, they were his most important teachers when it came to making Sangiovese. Despite Cortevesio largely focusing on the Chianti region, for the first seven years at Il Marroneto it was Cortevesio who was their consultant (due to a friendship with Mori’s father). Mori remembers that when he was just 14, Cortevesio used to visit the farm and share his wisdom with him and his brother. “To make good wine, you need respect,” Cortevesio would say. “Respect, respect, respect – everywhere there must be respect! Respect the animals, the plants, the place, the people. You are starting to grow a grape that took more than 3,000 years to become perfect in this area, so you respect the grape!” Cortevesio was adamant it was the wonders of Sangiovese that lay behind the region’s great artists (“the real important guys that passed before us,” says Mori); Sangiovese had fuelled Da Vinci to paint La Giaconda (the Mona Lisa), Boccaccio to write Decamerone and Giotto to design the Campanile – the iconic gothic belltower of Florence’s cathedral. Speaking with vignerons today, often the emphasis is on work in the vineyard – believing that is where great wine is made. But Mori likes to contradict that claim: “Wine is born in the cellar,” he says defiantly. “The hand of the man, his actions, are the secret of everything. I use the same techniques as our forefathers. They didn’t have yeasts to start fermentations. They didn’t have sulphur. They used natural methods.” Mori explains that Cortevesio and Gambelli believed it was possible to make precise wines using traditional methods – but only if the vigneron was fastidious in everything they did. Right from the start it was Cortevesio’s influence – and his mantra “passion, precision and patience” – that promoted such a traditional approach at Il Marroneto. To make wine in this way requires a lot of hard work in the winery – indeed Cortevesio was fastidious about cleanliness in the winery. Mori remembers constantly cleaning barrels and the cellar to try to win his respect. In the early days, despite Mori’s best attempts, Cortevesio would still think the cellar was dirty. He would taste the wine and say, “It’s tired.” As Cortevesio got older, he suffered with pain in his throat following an operation on his neck. It became difficult for him to speak and so he rarely did. He famously used to communicate with a smile, recalls Mori, and even that was difficult for him. Mori remembers the day he first smiled after tasting Il Marroneto, calling the wine “precise”, the finest compliment any vigneron could hope to hear when judging a wine, Mori believes. While Cortevesio became largely mute, Gambelli – who hunted almost daily – was completely deaf. After 10 years, Gambelli took over consulting for Il Marroneto (from 1985) and continued to visit up until 1993. Like Cortevesio, Gambelli had a maniacal approach to cleanliness and extolled monastic-like patience when ageing the wine. Mori was amazed by how this duo – one mute, the other deaf – could communicate. While both famous for saying very little, what they did say mattered – and their legacy, the lessons they shared with Mori, lives on today. After 17 years of tutelage under Cortevesio and Gambelli, Mori went his own way. “The wine of Marroneto remains the wine of Cortevesio and Gambelli because I am their pupil,” says Mori. “I continue to make the wine as they taught me – but with my hand.” The biggest change for Mori was the introduction of the Madonna delle Grazie cuvée. Often considered the region’s finest wine, it is the only Brunello to have been awarded multiple 100-point scores from the Wine Advocate – and universally loved by critics and afficionados around the world. The wine comes from the estate’s oldest and original vineyard – the one he worked as a child – and is made completely differently to Marroneto’s classic Brunello. Mori continues to make the traditional Brunello exactly as he did when he was 14. This “true” Brunello “requires a lot of movement in order to extract the best parts of the grape – the pulp that sits one millimetre under the skin,” explains Mori, “this is where you find the best anthocyanins, the polyphenolics, the complex fruity smells. The first 48 hours following harvest extracting these are key.” Mori and his team are up for two days solid, constantly working the must. Mori comically compares it to the Big Bang. “The grape material explodes, the material goes everywhere; it is the birth of the universe, and the wine is born.” After 48 hours, they stop and the must – thanks to all the agitation and natural humidity created in the winery – immediately starts fermenting. After just a few hours, the must has heated up to 34-35˚C and sometimes reaches 40˚C. These are not temperatures ever mentioned in modern wineries, but Mori knows what he is doing. “Sangiovese likes to fly high like an eagle when fermenting,” he says, “it is important for the characteristics of the Sangiovese chemically to fix the volatile smells.” At these sorts of temperatures, the fermentation is over in a week. Mori deliberately makes Madonna delle Grazie completely differently – and contradicts all that he does with his classic Brunello cuvée, such is the quality of the grapes from this special vineyard. When the grapes arrive at the winery, the fruit is left alone. The fermentation is much slower and much cooler (between 28-30˚C), lasting 20-25 days. It is, in short, totally the opposite. “With the Madonna delle Grazie, to our surprise, we found no power,” says Mori, “but a complexity in which the Sangiovese is similar to that of Pinot Noir – the technique brings elegance.” “Every part of the Madonna is high (the acidity, the tannins, the alcohol, the polyphenolics, the anthocyanins, the fruity characters, all are high, but without the power –  altogether it makes a complex wine. Together it makes for an extraordinary equilibrium.” Mori has been perfecting his techniques over the last 27 years, but two years ago it was his turn to become the teacher as his son – Iacopo – joined him in the winery during the pandemic. “Now I try to let my son learn this kind of traditional winemaking – not simply as Gambelli and Cortevesio taught me, but Gambelli, Cortevesio with the hand of Alessandro,” he says. “Today, he is more careful in the cellar than I am. Sometimes a little too much,” laughs Mori. He has obviously taught him well. Mori has also been imparting his knowledge to Emilio Parri – his cellar hand and protégé, who has been working in the cellar since he was 18. Overriding everything, Mori’s job as a teacher, he believes, is to “transmit the passion”. Mori still has a strong bond with his wine – he talks to it every day. When leaving the winery he shouts down to the cellar – “Ciao ragazzi, see you tomorrow!” Mori’s underlying philosophy for making great wine is to make wine with sentiment. “You have a relationship with the wine – the more you give to the wine, it gives it you back 10 times more. You see the wine grow up like a child, it is fantastic.” Encouraging this relationship, encouraging both Iacopo and Parri to fall in love with the work and the wine is his goal. With Mori’s support, his son has created a new cuvée, the stunning Rosso di Montalcino Selezione Iacopo. Iacopo took different proportions of wines ageing in the cellar to concoct his own blend. The 2019 was the first limited release and has already been highly praised by the critics (Eric Guido wrote, “The word ‘wow’ does not do this justice.”). While Mori thinks his son could afford to relax a bit and “take it easy” – the skills he and Parri are showing in the cellar means perhaps it is Mori, after 47 years, who can now start to relax. While Mori contemplates his retirement, albeit just for 30 seconds, he knows he will never really leave. Like Gambelli and Cortevesio before him, he will share the ways of his forefathers with anyone in Montalcino who will listen. Explore all current Il Marroneto listings or read more Editorial 

Alessandro Mori has produced every vintage in Il Marroneto’s 47-year history. As he prepares to hand this legacy to the next generation, we caught up with him to pause and consider his teachers – two legendary Tuscan figures that helped establish Il Marroneto as one of Montalcino’s top estates

Alessandro Mori of Il Marroneto’s reflects on his legacy and that of two Tuscan legends, Gambelli and Cortevesio.

The savants of Sangiovese, Il Marroneto

The savants of Sangiovese: Il Marroneto

It’s often noted that Burgundians know nothing about Bordeaux and its wines – and vice versa. This is an exaggeration, though it retains a nugget of truth. These two great French wine regions are poles apart culturally. This is not a novel observation. Indeed, Jean-Robert Pitte, a professor at the Sorbonne, wrote an entire book, Bordeaux Bourgogne: Histoire d’une rivalité (2016), on this very theme. Just a couple of examples. In Bordeaux you will encounter people with names such as Basile, Vanessa, Diana or Jennifer – that would be inconceivable in Burgundy. This may be to do with the fact that Aquitaine was English-owned for centuries, or it may be that some Bordelais believe that an English name confers a certain cachet. At celebrations organized by the Chevaliers du Tastevin at Clos de Vougeot, and just about anywhere where Burgundy’s wines are praised and consumed, the ban bourguignon is an unavoidable part of the proceedings. It entails raising both arms in the air and twisting them in time to a raucous ditty with the words ‘Lala, lala, lalalala layla, lala, lala, la, la, la’. Can you imagine such a thing at Haut-Brion? Another striking difference is that Burgundy excludes, while Bordeaux includes, at least in terms of embracing those it considers helpful to its promotion, such as merchants, auctioneers and journalists. I have visited Burgundy and its growers every year for over three decades and can count on the fingers of two hands the number of times I have been invited to stay for lunch, let alone dinner. Without fail, a 10.30am appointment will come to an end at noon, and the visitor will be politely shown the door. Hungry after a morning of tastings? That’s your problem, monsieur. I used to find this irksome but soon came to understand that for the Burgundian, noon is the time when family members return to the homestead from pruning or tractoring or delivering bottles. It’s the sacred lunch hour, and outsiders have no place. You can taste from every barrel in the cellar, but that hospitality doesn’t extend to the dining room. It’s the exact opposite in Bordeaux, where it’s assumed that a visitor with a late-morning appointment will stay for lunch. Indeed, when researching one of my books in Saint-Emilion, I was amazed to find that my programme, organised with enthusiasm by the local syndicat, included lunch and dinner every day, weekends included. The Bordeaux proprietor will usually use the occasion not just to offer a fine meal, but to open some older vintages for the delectation of the visitor. The Burgundian really couldn’t care less. On one occasion, a grower with whom I spent a morning to research a profile for a magazine, had suggested, when I made the appointment, that I might like to stay for lunch. With pleasure, I responded, hoping that a mature Richebourg might be brought up from the cellar for my appreciation. But sur place, when I had completed my interview, it was clear that the owner had completely forgotten his offer. (However, after an embarrassing few minutes all around, his wife did rustle up a rather good meal.) Born to be hospitable Burgundy’s wine culture is about the nuances of terroir; Bordeaux is about selling wine that’s produced in far larger quantities than from patchwork Burgundy, and all those who can serve that purpose are corralled into a network of hospitality. A lunch will always take the same form. Coats and bags are deposited in the hallway of the château and one is led into a salon, where a small table supports a bottle of Champagne (often Pol Roger, sometimes Bollinger) and some glasses.  In comes the butler or maid (often on hire from the local traiteur, or caterer) with a plate of gougères or roundels of toast with foie gras to stimulate the appetite. Then the host rises to his (and occasionally her) feet and leads the way into the dining room. Lunch is invariably a butler-service event, so guests must calculate how much meat or veg to convey onto one’s plate without either appearing greedy or depriving others of their fair share. The dishes are always replenished, however, so seconds are in order. No need to panic. If the aim is to impress, it usually succeeds. In contrast, the Burgundians en fête are after a good time. Other than the rather forced jollity of the Chevaliers du Tastevin dinners, usually accompanied by indifferent wines, the highlight of the Burgundian wine calendar is the Paulée de Meursault (other paulées are available, but all agree that Meursault does it best). This is in effect a giant bottle party. Each producer, who may be accompanied by family or guests, will bring a basket stacked with a few bottles or magnums of a venerable or prized vintage. These will be poured and later circulated in the course of a five-hour lunch. Those lucky enough to attend can often taste spectacular rarities. This is not the Bordeaux way. At a formal dinner, for example during the en primeur tastings or Vinexpo, invited merchants or journalists will find themselves at a large round table in the company of two or three château owners or winemakers. They will have brought bottles – often very fine bottles – that will, in due course, be delivered to your table. There’s a certain amount of swapping with other tables to provide more variety, and certain journalists, towards the end of the evening, will be seen roving the room in search of wines to try on distant tables. (I plead guilty.) Here again, the aim is to impress. Brigades of waiters and waitresses, quite often students from a local catering college, will swoop in from the kitchen with such efficiency that a few hundred guests can be served almost simultaneously. Moreover, the food will usually be excellent, provided by one of the many highly professional traiteurs who flourish in Bordeaux. Access is the name of the game. The privileged guest, sipping Champagne or Sauternes during the prolonged apéritif hour before a grand Bordeaux dinner, will be in the company of dozens of château owners. Reach out a hand, even to someone you’ve never seen before but vaguely recognize, and it will instantly be shaken: ‘Bonsoir, monsieur.’ Everyone present is within the magic circle. You have been appointed, like it or not, as an ambassador for Bordeaux. Over 20 years ago I was present, along with 400 other guests, at the Fête des Vendanges, a great feast organized each year before the harvest by a leading château. I could see from the menu that 1985 Haut-Brion was to be the final wine of the evening, but what I hadn’t anticipated was that it was to be served in magnums only. Moreover, on a very warm evening each magnum had been lightly chilled before serving to ensure that it would retain
its freshness and digestibility in the glass. Other blandishments include guests of honour who are often prima donnas or celebrated actresses. Who wouldn’t want to be around when, as once happened, Gina Lollobrigida was escorted between the tables by the château owner? These feats of generosity, glamour and service are to be observed at all such events in Bordeaux. If you’re lucky enough to be present, it’s hard not to experience a wave of self-satisfaction. This warm embrace of the wine trade is not extended to mere consumers, of course. Although châteaux are more open to visitors than they were in the past, most wine tourists making their way up the roads that connect Margaux to Saint-Julien and Pauillac are confronted by closed gates or notices that read ‘by appointment only’. Some 25 years ago a delegation of Bordeaux worthies came to London to ask friendly journalists (over a good lunch, of course) what they could do improve the image of their region. ‘Try opening your gates,’ was my suggestion, and it did not go down particularly well. Fees, factotums and fixers Oeno-tourism has been slow to come to Bordeaux. Showcase châteaux such as Pavie, Smith Haut Lafitte or Lynch-Bages have become adept at offering tours and tastings, though at a price. A fee is understandable, as the cost of staffing the tours and the wines to be poured needs to be recouped. Napa does it differently. Visitors are courted, and the customary tasting fee will be refunded if you buy a bottle or two. In Australia, the ‘cellar door’ is always open for visitors to enjoy the wines and other merchandising. However, in Bordeaux, most prestigious châteaux make little effort to welcome visitors.  In Burgundy, top growers sell to a band of importers and perhaps a few private customers and restaurants. In Bordeaux, châteaux sell to négociants, who distribute their wines worldwide. Châteaux have no direct influence over who sells or buys their wines. That’s why it’s important to have influential writers and critics on their side. A high score from a wine guru may just persuade a group of merchants or consumers to buy Château X in preference to Château Y. And the other way around the following year. No wonder top châteaux treat the media with affection and respect. Consultants, too, form part of the hype machine. They are rarely present in Burgundy, where savoir-faire is passed down (not always successfully) from one generation to the next. But in regions such as Tuscany or Bordeaux, where estate owners are often rich and enthusiastic but short on expertise, the consultant is an essential member of the team. Nothing wrong with hiring good advice, of course. But choosing the right consultant also adds lustre to the estate. In Italy, take on Carlo Ferrini or Riccardo Cotarella and you can be certain, at the very least, of media attention. In Bordeaux, the consultant is more than an adviser on viticulture or vinification, suggesting how high your canopy should be or which coopers are best suited to your style of wine. They have influence too. Michel Rolland, notoriously, had the ear of Robert Parker for many years. This was perfectly understandable because, broadly speaking, they liked the same style of wine. I once asked a château owner with a group of properties why he had chosen a particular consultant rather than another of similar renown. ‘He’s good at what he does,’ was the reply, ‘but he also has a track record of getting his clients’ wines onto airline lists.’ Many of the older generation of consultants were invisible. In decades of visits to Bordeaux, I never encountered Jacques Boissenot, who advised most of the top estates of the Médoc, or Gilles Pauquet in Saint-Emilion. Others, such as Stéphane Derenoncourt, court importers and the press assiduously, with regular tastings that provide a showcase for all their clients. Wine writers like, for sound reasons, to be on close terms with consultants such as Derenoncourt, as they can be invaluable sources of information. Save time and score it? Admission to the magic circle of Bordeaux carries its own risks. I doubt there is much corruption as such – no wine writer of any importance would, I assume, be foolish enough to accept backhanders in exchange for favourable ratings – but what has happened is that independent assessment has been almost abandoned. And there are stories of bribes, often in the form of a few cases of wine, being offered. Newly minted bloggers would be particularly susceptible to a helping hand. Back in the 1980s or even 1990s revered critics such as Robert Parker would not hesitate to give a poor score to a wine he considered below standard. These days a poor score has become close to inconceivable. A score below 90 has become the equivalent of a smack in the face. In an article some years ago I predicted the scores that the major critics would give the 2014 vintage when, a few months later, the wines became available for tasting En Primeur.  My educated guesses, made without tasting a single wine, were alarmingly accurate. That, simply put, is because critics now score the brand and not the wine. No one is going to rate a first growth or scarce Pomerol at below 96; likewise, no obscure fifth growth or Côte de Bordeaux red, however fine, will ever be scored at 93 or higher. Bordeaux has succeeded in imposing its own self-valuations on its critics. Price has become equated with quality, as has been the case since the 18th century. This is why new owners of certain properties relentlessly push up their prices, because this is the best way to confer prestige on the wines. For Bordeaux as a whole, it may be a costly business organizing lavish dinners with superlative vintages, but it has paid off in establishing a group of wines as safely within the band of the world’s most appreciated and sought-after. For the wine critic, it’s a tricky balance. Without access, an article or vintage assessment becomes impossible. I am not immune. To research my own publications on Bordeaux, I have accepted offers to stay at comfortable châteaux for extended periods. I do my best not to let my judgment be swayed by this quid pro quo (which I disclose), but one can never be certain. Schmooze or you lose? It’s not only the wine press that is courted and pampered. Top châteaux will lay on lavish feasts for négociants and brokers too. Corinne Mentzelopoulos of Château Margaux once described such events as a way of thanking the Bordeaux wine trade for their success in selling her wines (not an arduous task, I would have thought). She intimated that it was also a way of keeping the trade on her side. Selling top claret in a great vintage is a doddle (except when grotesquely overpriced); selling the same label in a mediocre year such as 2013 is another matter. Maintaining brand loyalty – to Brand Bordeaux and individual châteaux – is crucial. By 2020 the region was having to face the threat of USA tariffs, the cold shoulder from China, the uncertainties of Brexit for the important British market, not to mention the growing climatic vagaries bringing drought, frost and hail in their wake.  Other challenges are stylistic rather than economic. A colleague who is involved in assessing the wine lists of top restaurants worldwide notes that there are a growing number of such lists that ostentatiously scorn Bordeaux in favour of, usually, ‘natural’ or other styles considered trendy. This is sommelier-driven, and Bordeaux producers and merchants are not always aware of how old-fashioned and stuffy their offerings appear to sommeliers (and their clients) in search of novelty rather than reliability. It’s hard for individual châteaux to promote their wines worldwide since they don’t know precisely who is buying their superb wines. In contrast, their Napa Valley equivalents stage auctions and other events targeted very precisely at super-rich clients and social media. Australia has its highly regarded agricultural shows, awarding medals that confer more prestige than most medals from wine competitions.  Bordeaux doesn’t have such marketing opportunities at its disposal, which is why generic marketing campaigns, prestigious tasting events, and the assiduous wooing of the media are such necessary tools. Whether they will continue to be effective as they have been in the past is undoubtedly open to question. On Bordeaux: Tales of the Unexpected from the World’s Greatest Wine Region – an anthology of writing on Bordeaux with a foreword by Jane Anson – is published by Académie du Vin Library and available now.  Explore more Editorial 

Bordeaux and Burgundy couldn’t be much more different. In this extract from Académie du Vin Library’s new publication On Bordeaux, Stephen Brook considers how the two regions market themselves – asking whether wooing the world’s press is enough to keep Bordeaux in pole position

Stephen Brook considers how the Bordeaux and Burgundy wine regions market themselves 

Bordeaux, Burgundy wines and building the hype

Bordeaux, Burgundy and building the hype

Sono passati 20 anni da quando Eduardo Chadwick radunò alcuni dei più famosi critici enologici europei per una degustazione alla cieca — una prova per rivaleggiare con il famoso Giudizio di Parigi del 1976 (quando la California dimostrò che i suoi vini potevano competere con — e battere — i migliori vini di Francia). Chadwick era convinto che i critici sottovalutassero i vini cileni — per nulla più che snobismo nei confronti della nazione. La Degustazione di Berlino mise alla prova i migliori vini di Chadwick (Viñedo Chadwick, Seña e Don Maximiano Founder’s Reserve) contro i Premier Cru di Bordeaux e un unico Super-Tuscan (la Solaia di Antinori). Chadwick incaricò il compianto Steven Spurrier di condurre l’evento. “Non avrei mai immaginato che ciò che stava per accadere sarebbe accaduto,” mi dice Chadwick. Con sua e l’altrui incredulità, il Viñedo Chadwick 2000 conquistò il primo posto, seguito dal Seña 2001, poi dal Château Lafite Rothschild 2000 e dal Château Margaux 2000 — ex aequo al quarto posto con il Seña 2000. Finalmente, c’era la prova che i vini del Cile meritavano un posto sul palcoscenico mondiale. 
 Ma, per Chadwick, un momento spartiacque non bastava. Ripeté la degustazione, prima a São Paulo, poi a Tokyo — e avanti, organizzando la stessa degustazione alla cieca 22 volte in tutto il mondo, ottenendo risultati parimenti spettacolari per i suoi vini. Serve nervi d’acciaio — e una buona dose di ego — per essere disposti a rischiare ripetendo una simile prova, eppure Chadwick fu giustamente premiato. La sua campagna è solo uno dei modi in cui ha tracciato un percorso per il vino pregiato cileno — con una determinazione implacabile e ostinata. Chadwick è la quinta generazione della sua famiglia a fare vino in Cile. Don Maximiano Errázuriz emigrò dai Paesi Baschi e fu il primo a piantare viti nella Valle di Aconcagua nel 1870. Individuò la località, a 100 km a nord di Santiago, con le sue brezze oceaniche fredde, estati calde e inverni piovosi, come perfetta per la coltivazione della vite. Operando sotto il motto “dalla migliore terra, il miglior vino”, piantò viti in questo sito idilliaco, vicino a Panquehue, e costruì una cantina — che ancora oggi esiste. 
 Gradualmente, l’azienda crebbe — diventando il vigneto più grande del mondo di proprietà di un singolo individuo, con 1.300 ettari coltivati al suo apice alla fine del XIX secolo. Nonostante questa prosperità iniziale, l’industria vinicola cilena non continuò a fiorire. Non esisteva un mercato d’esportazione e il consumo interno (che arrivò fino a 80 litri pro capite l’anno) venne decimato da pesanti tasse, mentre turbolenze politiche ed economiche, con regimi comunisti poi militari, misero in crisi non solo l’industria, ma la nazione. All’inizio degli anni ’80 il vino costava meno dell’acqua e circa la metà dei vigneti del paese venne estirpata. Fu in questo scenario instabile che arrivò Eduardo Chadwick. Si era inizialmente formato come ingegnere industriale prima di decidere di concentrarsi sul vino, andando a studiare a Bordeaux sotto il leggendario enologo Émile Peynaud. Suo padre riacquistò la cantina di famiglia alle banche, e Chadwick iniziò a spolverare le ragnatele, riaprendo Viña Errázuriz e — armato di nuove conoscenze tecniche — realizzò la prima annata del Don Maximiano Founder’s Reserve, il vino di punta della proprietà, nel 1984. L’operazione era ancora rudimentale — con tinozze in rauli (un legno nativo), nessun controllo della temperatura e viti allevate a pergola nei fondi fertili — ma fu un primo indizio di ciò che era possibile. Degustando quel vino quattro decenni dopo, ha retto sorprendentemente bene — con vivacità al naso e un profilo cesellato e sapido di puro Cabernet Sauvignon. 
 Gradualmente, Chadwick investì in attrezzature — serbatoi in acciaio inox, presse moderne e botti — e iniziò a impiantare vigneti sulle pendici con suoli più poveri. Parallelamente a questo cambiamento, le elezioni decisive del 1989 riportarono il Cile alla democrazia — e figure chiave del mondo del vino iniziarono a visitare. Presto i vini di fascia d’ingresso vennero esportati da realtà come Oddbins e Victoria Wine. Le porte si erano aperte per il vino cileno. Robert Mondavi visitò Chadwick nel 1991 — e i due uomini si trovarono in sintonia, condividendo un’esigenza inesorabile di spingere avanti la loro industria, e Mondavi riconobbe in Cile il potenziale che aveva visto a Napa negli anni ’60. Sapeva che la sua partnership con Château Mouton Rothschild (Opus One) era stata fondamentale per cambiare la reputazione di Napa — e la coppia sperava che la loro joint venture potesse fare lo stesso per il Cile: nacque Seña (letteralmente “segnale”). Bob Mondavi junior, Tim, collaborò con Chadwick al progetto e suggerì di cercare un sito più vicino alla costa nella Valle di Aconcagua, in cerca di ancora maggiore finezza, producendo la prima annata nel 1995. 
 E Chadwick non si fermò lì. Suo padre aveva acquistato un fondo nell’Alto Maipo nel 1945, sede di un campo da polo (Alfonso, il padre di Eduardo, era stato per anni capitano della squadra cilena). Nel 1992 Chadwick convinse il padre a lasciargli trasformare il campo da polo — con i suoi puri suoli ghiaiosi e un’escursione termica di 15˚C — in un vigneto, ritenendolo perfetto per il Cabernet Sauvignon. Alfonso morì l’anno successivo, ma la prima annata di questo progetto — Viñedo Chadwick, chiamato in onore del padre — venne realizzata nel 1999. 
 Chadwick sapeva che i vini erano buoni — ma convincere il mondo di ciò fu la sfida. È chiaro per lui che il Cile commise un grande errore nel produrre in massa vini di ottimo rapporto qualità-prezzo, di ingresso — buoni, ma non vini di pregio — una fascia di prezzo che finì per definire la nazione. “Per questo fu molto difficile convincere il pubblico che possiamo anche produrre vini di livello mondiale,” dice Chadwick. “Il Cile non aveva riconoscimento. Non avevamo valutazioni, punti Parker, punti Suckling.” E così si mise al lavoro per cambiare la situazione con la Degustazione di Berlino. Con i risultati che scossero il mercato (poi riecheggiati in tutto il mondo), creò una spinta al cambiamento. Un decennio dopo, superò un altro confine: il Viñedo Chadwick 2014 divenne il primo vino cileno a ottenere 100 punti (da James Suckling). Solo l’anno scorso, l’annata 2021 è stata il primo vino cileno valutato 100 punti dalla Wine Advocate. Quando mi sedetti con lui a marzo di quest’anno, fu in occasione di un evento che rendeva omaggio ai due decenni trascorsi dalla Degustazione di Berlino — con le prime annate di ogni tenuta e i loro più grandi successi. Il Seña 1998 fu particolarmente notevole — una vendemmia fresca che oggi è profumata, elegante, brillante e di incredibile persistenza. Qualsiasi dubbioso sul vino cileno rimase immediatamente in silenzio. E, come per la degustazione di Berlino, l’evento veniva replicato in tutto il globo — la campagna per promuovere il vino cileno non finisce mai. 
 Quando Chadwick iniziò nel 1983, Viña Errázuriz aveva appena 10 ettari di vigneto. Oggi, nelle loro tenute, Chadwick coltiva 900 ettari di vigna. Comprò le quote dei fratelli anni fa, quando scoprì che erano più interessati ai dividendi che a far crescere e investire nell’azienda. Ora tre delle sue quattro figlie lavorano al suo fianco — entusiaste del potenziale dei siti costieri (dove producono i vini Las Pizarras) e di un nuovo progetto spumante. Non sono mancate le difficoltà lungo il percorso, ma queste hanno solo alimentato la incessante ricerca di riconoscimento di Chadwick per il Cile e i suoi vini. “Dove siamo oggi supera i miei sogni più sfrenati,” mi dice, eppure è solo grazie alla sua instancabile ambizione che il vino cileno è arrivato a questo punto. Fortunatamente, sembra che i suoi figli abbiano ereditato la sua determinazione — pronti a governare il prossimo capitolo di questa epica storia. 
 Esplora tutte le inserzioni di Viña Errázuriz, Seña e Viñedo Chadwick o leggi di più sul Cile

Negli ultimi 40 anni, Eduardo Chadwick ha forgiato da solo un posto per il Cile nel panorama dei vini pregiati. Due decenni dopo la fondamentale degustazione di Berlino, Sophie Thorpe ha incontrato l'uomo in persona per esplorare la sua eredità e ciò che lo attende.

20 years after the Berlin Tasting, we sit down with Eduardo Chadwick – the man that created Chile’s first icon wines, Sena, Vinedo Chadwick and Errazuriz

Championing Chile – Eduardo Chadwick

Sostenitore del Cile: Eduardo Chadwick

The latest from Latour In the wake of last week’s launch of the 2016 vintage of the First Growth’s third wine, Pauillac de Latour, the Pauillac powerhouse will be releasing the 2013 vintage of the Grand Vin, as well as 2015 Les Forts de Latour, its second wine. The 2013 is only the second vintage of the Grand Vin that the property has released since it moved away from en primeur – and there’s no doubt, despite the vintage’s sometimes maligned reputation, that this is going to be highly sought-after. New from Champagne March brings with it a bounty of fine fizz releases. Top of our wish-list are the new wines from Henri Giraud – a House that produces small volumes of outstanding, terroir-driven wines, almost all of which are oak-fermented (and is, for that reason, often compared favourably to Krug). We’ll see the latest release of its multi-vintage cuvée (described by Jancis Robinson MW as “a sort of Montrachet of Champagne”) and the new, 2013 vintage of their top wine, Argonne. Keep an eye out also for 2007 Bollinger R.D. and Pol Roger’s 2012 Sir Winston Churchill.  Single-farm spirits The unfailingly modish and exciting Irish distillery Waterford has been making waves in recent weeks, having scientifically proven terroir’s influence in whisky. This month will see the latest spirits from the Irish distillery released – two single-farm single malts that offer a chance for you to explore the concept yourself. One comes from Hook Head – a site on the southern coast with clay-loam soils, while the other hails from Lakefield, with deep loam soils in County Laois. Burgundy There are still a few 2019s emerging from the Côte d’Or – including wines from Domaine des Lambrays and Le Grappin. Clos des Lambrays was a stand-out from our trip in October last year, while Aussie Andrew Nielsen’s Le Grappin wines (a darling of London’s restaurant scene) offer brilliant value year in, year out. The 2021 collection from Maison Leroy has almost entirely sold out, however we’ll also see the latest releases from the rest of Lalou Bize-Leroy’s empire – Domaine Leroy and Domaine d’Auvenay. Available, as ever, in tiny volumes, these are some of the world’s most collectable wines, and unmissable for Burgundy aficionados. Italian icons After a series of superlative 2016s from Brunello, Tuscany is on the mind. While Castello di Ama’s 2017 San Lorenzo is already available, the 2018 vintage of the Chianti Classico property’s flagship wine, L’Apparita, will be released in the coming weeks. Tasting through a selection of the range with our team, CEO Lorenza Sebasti told us that she and winemaker Marco Pallanti feel it’s “the best we’ve ever made”. We’ll also see the new vintage of Ornellaia’s entry-level bottling – Le Volte dell’Ornellaia, which provides an affordable and earlier-drinking taste of this Super Tuscan estate, ahead of the release of Ornellaia “proper” in April.

A new month brings another flurry of fine wine and spirits releases. While Bordeaux en primeur is on the horizon, March sees new vintages from Latour and the Grandes Marques, as well as releases from Tuscany, Burgundy and Ireland’s most exciting distillery: here’s our pick of the bunch

A new month brings another flurry of fine wine and spirits releases. Here, we pick the best of the bunch – from Latour, Castello di Ama, Waterford and more 

The wines and spirits to look out for this March

What to look out for this March

France's Prime Minister declared that his country was at war with an "invisible, elusive" enemy at the start of an unprecedented lockdown this month but a century ago, the enemy was clearly visible. The 1914 harvest was approaching for the growers of Champagne, but the German army also loomed large on the horizon.  In the opening months of World War I, as the grapes approached ripeness, the Germans entered the Marne Valley in a bid to inflict a quick defeat on The Western Front. Having
entered both Reims and Epernay in early September, the French launched a counter-offensive, pushing back the Germans with losses on all sides exceeding 150,000 men. Champagne remained a battleground for the duration of the war: in the forest above the village of Verzy on the Montagne de Reims, a general commanded the French fourth army, using the high vantage point as an observation post. The producers of Champagne badly needed an abundant harvest with stocks in the summer of 1914 at critically low levels but the region's men had been mobilised, leaving those
left behind – the elderly, women and children – to gather the crop they so desperately needed to the sound of gunfire. "Shortages of money, materials, transport and labour were the prevailing obstacles for everyone in the region...and with only ten days in which to organise the harvest after the German retreat, time also became a factor. Additionally, the enemy continued to shell many of the villages to the north of Epernay," writes Cynthia
Parzych in Champagne Pol Roger's official history. 
The harvest began on 21 September and continued into October. There was no luxury to wait for so-called optimal ripeness, it was a case of picking when possible and the bracing acidity imbued it with longevity. Benoît Gouez, the chef de cave of Moët and Chandon, which teamed up with Sotheby's to auction several bottles from the 1914 vintage in 2013, says,
"the harvest was brought forward due to the war, and the wine took a long time to develop but today it is truly remarkable."  However, there were casualties in the vineyard during the collection of the 1914 harvest,
including children picking in their fathers' absence. The enemy had only retreated to the outskirts of Reims and continued to rain fire on the city over the course of the next four years. Its majestic 13th century cathedral, home to coronations for 600 years, was heavily shelled, leaving only the walls standing. The once-bustling streets were left in ruins: just forty of the city’s 40,000 houses remained standing while vineyards in the Reims area were heavily shelled; craters soon replaced vines.  Meanwhile, the French government left Paris at the start of September 1914 and Bordeaux
briefly became the seat of national power. Away from the theatre of war, the Bordelais were able to harvest an abundant but relatively average-quality crop. A year later, the region's harvest was a washout: Château Latour, for example, declassified its wine as a 'vin rouge', to maintain its reputation.  The war vintages were relatively small with few hands to keep vineyards healthy and inauspicious growing conditions. However, war was thirsty work: the French government bought a quarter of a litre of wine a day for every soldier from 1916 onwards, amounting to 12 million hectolitres each year so the war years were not the financial disaster that many wine producers had originally feared.  The Belgian market closed for the duration of the war and the Russian market for fine wines ceased to exist following the 1917 Revolution. England, however, managed to drink 20,000 cases of champagne every year between 1914 and 1918. The British had clearly taken a leaf out of Winston Churchill's attitude to champagne and war: "In success you deserve it and in defeat, you need it." Explore more Editorial 

In a series of articles, Rebecca Gibb MW looks at how historic events in the last century affected the world of fine wine.

In a series of articles, Rebecca Gibb MW looks at how historic events in the last century affected the world of fine wine, starting with the 1914 vintage

The 1914 vintage

A year in wine: 1914

The 2018 vintage in Montalcino is certainly one to get excited about – particularly for those who love fresh, floral vintages packed with tension. Vintages like this are becoming ever rarer in today’s warming climate, and therefore all the more precious. Despite the pleasing results, the growing season was far from easy. A very wet and then humid spring and summer made it very demanding for vignerons – but the results are much better than expected, with some stunning wines.  While it might not have the power of 2015 or the structural intensity of 2016, the wines have fantastic energy and elegance, and plenty of acidity making it a versatile vintage that can be enjoyed in its youth or will age well. “I will certainly be cellaring many bottles of 2018 myself,” says Canalicchio di Sopra’s Francesco Ripaccioli, a vigneron but also a Brunello collector, who always gives an insightful description of the vintage. Ripaccioli believes that this “fresh” vintage might be overlooked by critics looking for power, but he sees many similarities with 2008. That vintage passed with little fanfare on release but proved to mature into a stunning year that aficionados just can’t get enough of these days. Certainly, for Ripaccioli, the 2018s share 2008’s purity and, while it doesn’t have the structure of his favourite overlooked vintage 2013, it has many similarities to this year as well.
 For Riccardo Talenti, 2018 is “a classic year” reminiscent of the Brunello of the 1990s. “The wines have excellent acidity, well-built and persistent tannins with a very fresh base of fruit.” For Sabina Sassetti (Livio Sassetti), the vintage produced wines with “extremely soft, elegant tannins and great aromatic extraction”.
 There is a lovely transparency to the vintage and single-vineyard sites really prove their mettle – offering very distinct interpretations dictated by terroir. Argiano’s single-vineyard Vigna del Suolo, Canalicchio di Sopra’s Vigna Casaccia and Casanova di Neri’s Tenuta Nuova are all outstanding examples.
 Giacomo Neri was surprised by the 2018 Tenuta Nuova’s “quality of tannic texture, depth, persistence and the salinity”, something he believes “has been manifesting for some years in an increasingly intense way”, and really came to the fore in 2018. For him, the wines are “not wide but long, fresh, with great scents, complexity, elegance and have great ageing potential”. For Poggio di Sotto, the wines are “rich in aromas and structure, very recognisable and characterful with good acid and alcohol content”. 
 The season started with plenty of rain in the winter months which was much needed following the drought conditions of the blistering 2017 summer. This helped re-balance the water reserves in the soil and the cold winter allowed the vines to reach adequate dormancy. Budburst and flowering all happened with little mishap, and yields looked very healthy. Spring and summer remained moderate in temperature with just one heat spike in July where temperatures reached 35-36˚C. From mid-June to the end of August temperatures sat around, but rarely exceeded, 30˚C, keeping the vine in good health with no shutdown, encouraging the berries to reach full phenolic ripening and no scorching of berries.
 Cerbaiona’s Matthew Fioretti emphasised how the rainy spring and humid weather that followed resulted in downy mildew which would go on to cause difficulties in the vineyards right up until harvest. And there was a lot of rain. Poggio di Sotto’s Maarten Leereveld noted that by the end of May they had already exceeded the rainfall for the whole of 2017. Sabina Sassetti highlighted that great attention was required in the vineyard to maintain concentration. If there was any concern it was the combination of high yields and moderate temperatures that meant grapes could struggle to achieve full sugar ripeness – so most producers did a green harvest in August to offset this.  Ripaccioli is a firm believer that a vintage is best judged by the last 30 days prior to harvest and, despite ambient weather for much of the year, two significant rainstorms on 1st and 17th September impacted the harvest. Unlike in 2017 where the dehydration of the berries was a problem, the grapes swelled following the rain, with dilution of flavour and structure a danger. While it no doubt had some impact, it was heavily moderated by strong westerly winds that blew throughout September. In fact, Ripaccioli explained how the grapes lost 30% of their berry weight in the two weeks prior to harvest thanks to the wind’s dehydrating effect.  
For Giacomo Neri of Casanova di Neri, the distinct diurnal temperature shifts leading up to harvest resulted in a slow and constant ripening of the grapes. It meant the wines built up aromatic complexity and retained high levels of acidity, giving the wines a lovely freshness. 
With its high-altitude vineyards, the strong, warm, westerly winds in September were very welcome for Biondi Santi, really helping dry out the vines and grapes following the rain. Biondi Santi was able to start harvesting as early as 16th September. 
For many, harvest was typically delayed by around five days to encourage the grapes to reach full ripeness. Berry-by-berry selection was necessary to ensure optimum results for what was potentially a large crop with uneven levels of ripeness. Despite the potentially high yields, the final numbers in terms of production throughout Brunello saw 2018 volumes among the lowest of the last six years, around 25% below 2016 and 2017, and similar to 2019 (set to be released next year). Green harvesting and extensive selection at harvest was clearly adhered to. At Canalicchio di Sopra this meant 10% of grapes were removed at sorting – compared to just 1% in 2016.   
 Sassetti Livio Pertimali 
Sassetti delayed harvest until 10th October. They felt the mild September and later harvest enabled them to bring in very healthy grapes that had “finally” reached perfect ripeness.
With all the grapes in, the numbers were impressive – both alcohol and pH levels were the same at Canalicchio di Sopra as they were in 2016. It is a pH level that is one of the lowest in recent years – giving the wine a great level of freshness and huge ageing potential. The Canalicchio wines sit at 14.5% alcohol – as is typical – thanks to the removal of more dilute berries at sorting.  Tasting a wide range of 2018s, the wines generally have an immediate appeal. The texture is noticeably elegant and there is lovely clarity to the fruit. The wines are medium-bodied, making them immediately seductive and, in some, there are lovely floral, perfumed, almost Pinot-Noir-esque aromatics. The best wines are full of energy. This is certainly a vintage of sophistication, creating wines with transparency, fine textural elegance, plenty of tension and impressive length. Producer styles and picking dates (from fresh to raisined fruit) still tend to dominate over and above vintage influence. Those who managed to balance the freshness with concentration and keep the oak in the background, produced excellent wines. Very few were lacking concentration and the best have great length, a tensile, racy appeal and beautiful, lifted aromatics. The 2018s will bring lots of drinking pleasure.  Brunello di Montalcino 2018: the vintage in brief A reference vintage for high-quality, cooler, fresher Brunello Great aromatic flair with strong floral and spice notes Polished, elegant, resolved tannins make the wines approachable fairly young A versatile vintage with high acidities providing long ageing potential Riservas were typically not made, meaning the best fruit will be found in the normal Brunello bottlings The opposite in style to the riper, more powerful 2015 and 2019s (released next year) Similar in character to 2008 or 2013 Our favourite 2018 Brunello di Montalcino wines so far Poggio di Sotto, Poggio Antico, Canalicchio di Sopra, Altesino, San Polo, La Fiorita, Cortonesi, Talenti, le Potazzini, Argiano 
Browse all Brunello di Montalcino listings or read more Editorial

The 2018 vintage in Montalcino was challenging for producers, but the wines have exceeded all expectations. After extensive tastings of the wines and conversations with producers, we explore the growing season, what defines 2018 Brunello di Montalcino and share our favourite wines

Exploring the challenging 2018 vintage in Montalcino that produced wines that have exceeded all expectations

Vintage guide to 2018 Brunello di Montalcino

Brunello di Montalcino 2018: elegant and age-worthy

What is Cristal – and who makes it? 
The Grande Marque Champagne Louis Roederer produces Cristal. Founded in 1833, Roederer is the largest independent, family-owned Champagne house today. Cristal is their prestige cuvée – the very best wine they produce, only made in the finest years. Always a vintage wine, it's a blend of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. The current Chef de Cave (and Executive Vice-President) at the house is Jean-Baptiste Lécaillon, who is responsible for the entire Louis Roederer range. When was Cristal first made? The wine is considered the first and original “prestige cuvée”. It was first made for Tsar Alexander II in 1876, after he asked Louis Roederer to reserve the house’s best wine for him and his court. At the time, Roederer was one of the few house’s to own its own vineyards (a legacy that continues today). A gold capsule and label was used to indicate that the wine was the best in the range, as was common at the time. Reportedly, the Tsar lived in fear of assassination – and as such requested that the wine be bottled in clear glass, so that he could see if it had been poisoned, and with a flat bottom so that bombs couldn’t be contained in the punt (the traditional indent in the base of Champagne bottles). The glass used was lead-crystal – giving the wine its name, “Cristal”. When the Russian Revolution took place in 1917 and the Tsars were no more, Roederer continued to make the wine – releasing it commercially for the first time in 1945. Although the wine would originally have been sweet, the dry style of Champagne gradually became more popular (made initially for the English market) and Cristal evolved with the fashion. Today it is one of the most sought-after Champagnes in the world, alongside other prestige cuvées such as Taittinger’s Comtes de Champagne, Dom Pérignon, Krug, Pol Roger’s Sir Winston Churchill, Veuve Clicquot’s La Grande Dame and Bollinger’s Grande Année. How is Cristal made? Until 1999, Cristal was blended solely on taste. Different parcels from Roederer’s estate vineyards were tasted blind and the best-possible wine created. From 1999 onwards, however, Jean-Baptiste Lécaillon took over and started using the same 45 plots, all mid-slope with chalky soils across seven different Grands Crus. These plots have all been farmed biodynamically since 2012. Only fruit from vines more than 20 years old is used for the prestige cuvée, with any younger-vine fruit declassified to the Collection bottlings (the estate’s vintage, Blanc de Blancs and rosé wines all come from specific vineyards). Typically, it’s a blend of around 40% Chardonnay and 60% Pinot Noir. The base wines are mainly fermented in stainless steel, with a proportion in oak. The wine undergoes secondary fermentation and is aged on lees for a minimum six years, then aged for at least eight months after disgorgement prior to release. With climate change and general trends in Champagne, the dosage has been reduced – from 12-13 to around 8g/l today. The final blend is still blind-tasted by the family to ensure the wine is up to scratch. Around 300,000 to 400,000 bottles of Cristal are made a year. 
What does Cristal taste like? Cristal is an incredible Champagne – and one of the most age-worthy. With vibrant acidity and refined minerality, it is a linear and precise style of Champagne that rewards time in bottle. Complex, expressive and aromatic, critics have awarded the wine multiple 100-point scores over the years – notably the 2002 and 2008 vintages. To further emphasise its ageability, in 2017 Louis Roederer released the first of a new series of Vinothèque bottlings – aged both longer on lees and then for a further 10 years on cork. The first Vinothèque wines were from the 1995 vintage, but wines from 1996, 1997, 1999 and 2000 have since also been released. These are available in extremely limited volumes, but offer a taste of the wines with maturity. They tend to have a slightly lower dosage than the earlier-released wines. Is Cristal rosé? Yes and no. The original prestige cuvée is a white wine, however a rosé sibling was introduced with the 1974 vintage, created by Jean-Claude Rouzaud. The wine celebrates old-vine Pinot Noir from Grand Cru vineyards in Aÿ, historically from three sites (Bonotte Pierre Robert, Gargeotte and Côte du Moulin), but now also from La Villers. Pinot Noir typically represents 55% of the blend, complemented with Chardonnay from Pierre Vaudon in Avize and Montmartin in Le Mesnil. Cristal Rosé is made using the saignée method – pressing the grapes to extract colour, with the Pinot and Chardonnay then co-fermented (rather than blending). From the 2008 vintage, the Pinot Noir sees a cold-soak "infusion" with no punching over/pumping down, for up to 10 days. Around 20% of the base wine is aged in oak. The wine goes through secondary fermentation in bottle and is aged on lees for around eight years prior to release. Why is Cristal wrapped in plastic? The trademark gold cellophane wrapper is to protect the wine from UV light. As the wine is bottled in clear glass, UV light can cause “light strike” – a fault that causes cabbage or rotten-egg aromas in the wine. As such, the plastic should be kept on the wine until it is served. Cristal’s street cred and controversy Cristal was once the choice of hip-hop’s most famous names. “Cristal forever/Play the crib when it’s mink weather,” raps the Notorious B.I.G. on Jay-Z’s Brooklyn’s Finest. Raekwon, 50 Cent, Big L and many more were all fans. Tupac even created a cocktail with Cristal called “Thug Passion”, a combination of Cristal and Alizé Gold Passion liqueur. In 2006, however, Frédéric Rouzaud – seventh-generation of the Roederer family and CEO – was asked in an interview about the wine’s association with a “bling” lifestyle. In response he said, “What can we do? We can’t forbid people from buying it. I’m sure Dom Pérignon or Krug would be delighted to have their business.” Jay-Z responded: “It has come to my attention that the managing director of Cristal, Frédéric Rouzaud, views the ‘hip-hop’ culture as ‘unwelcome attention’. I view his comments as racist and will no longer support any of his products through any of my various brands, including the 40/40 Club, nor in my personal life.” Others followed, and soon Cristal was replaced by other wines and spirits. Jay-Z’s own brand of Champagne, Armand de Brignac, was launched later that year – thought partly to be a retaliation. Browse all Cristal listings or read more Editorial 


Cristal is one of the world’s most sought-after wines – but how did Champagne Louis Roederer’s prestige cuvée come to be, and what makes it so special? Here’s everything you need to know about the wine

Everything you need to know about Cristal – Champagne Louis Roederer’s cult prestige cuvée, from its Russian beginnings to hip-hop credibility

Your ultimate guide to Cristal Champagne

Everything you need to know about Cristal Champagne

Jacopo Poli

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